Hitler was a veteran of World War I with many titles. He joined the German Workers Party (NSDAP predecessor) in 1919, and became chairman of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he launched a coup in Munich, known as the Beer Hall Putsch events. The failed coup led to the arrest of Hitler. In prison, Hitler wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After being freed in 1924, Hitler had the support of the people to denounce the Treaty of Versailles and uphold the Pan-Jermanisme, antisemitism, and anti-communism with charismatic speeches and Nazi propaganda. After being appointed as chancellor in 1933, he transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a one-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian ideologies of Nazism and autocratic.
Hitler's goal was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in Europe. Until then, foreign policy and the country aims to achieve Lebensraum ("living space") for the Germanic. He ordered Germany rearmed and Wehrmacht invaded Poland in September 1939, led to the outbreak of World War II in Europe. Under Hitler's government, in 1941 the German forces and its European allies occupying most of Europe and North Africa. In 1943, Germany was forced to defend himself and suffered a series of defeats in battle. In the last days of the war, when the Battle of Berlin took place in 1945, Hitler married longtime girlfriend, Eva Braun. April 30, 1945, less than two days later, two suicide in order not captured Red Army, and then their bodies were burned.
Hitler's policies were motivated by racial supremacists and resulted in the death of about 50 million people during World War II, including 6 million Jews and 5 million ethnic "non-Aryan" who ordered the systematic extermination by Hitler and his closest colleagues.
Ancestor
Hitler's father, Alois Hitler (1837-1903), was the illegitimate son of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. Baptismal records do not mention the name of the father Alois, so Alois wore mother's last name. In 1842, Johann Georg married Anna Hiedler. After Anna died in 1847 and Johann 1856, Alois grew up in a family Hiedler brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler. In 1876, Alois passed and baptismal records altered by a priest in the presence of three witnesses. Currently on trial in Nuremberg in 1945, Nazi official Hans Frank mentioned the existence of the letters claiming that Alois's mother worked as a housekeeper for a Jewish family in Graz and that the son of the family of 19-year-old, Leopold Frankenberger, a father Alois. However, there are no names listed Frankenberger in Graz at that time and Leopold Frankenberger family records were never made. The historians doubted the claims that Alois's father was a Jew.At age 39, Alois chose the last name "Hitler", can be spelled "Hiedler", "Hüttler", or "Huettler". Origin of the word name is "someone who lives in the house" (German Standard Hütte), "shepherd" (German Standard hüten "guard", English "heed"), or from the Slavic language Hidlar and Hidlarcek.
Childhood and education.
Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an inn in Salzburger Vorstadt 15, Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary. He was the fourth of six children of the couple Alois and Klara Hitler Polzl (1860-1907). Brother and sister Hitler - Gustav, Ida, and Otto - died in infancy. When Hitler was three years old, the family moved to Passau, Germany. There he studied the Lower Bavarian dialect, instead of German Austria, which became the hallmark of his style of life. In 1894, the family moved to Leonding (near Linz), and in June 1895, Alois settled in a small area in Hafeld, near Lambach, where he was farming and beekeeping. Adolf school in a neighboring town, Fischlham. Hitler began to love studying the war after finding a picture book about the Franco-Prussian War his father.Hafeld their migration to the beginning of the father-son conflict is intense due to Adolf refused to comply with strict rules in school. Alois Hitler agricultural businesses in Hafeld failed and in 1897 they moved to Lambach. Hitler who was 8 years old follow les singing, sing with the church choir, and even briefly considered himself to be a pastor. In 1898, the family moved permanently to Leonding. The death of his brother, Edmund, as a result of smallpox on February 2, 1900 greatly affect the life of Hitler. He changed from a figure who is confident, outgoing, and smart, be kid moody, withdrawn and sullen which often quarreled with his father and his teacher.
Alois had a successful career at the bureau of customs and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. Hitler then dramatize an event when Hitler's father took him to visit the customs office, calling the events that arouse antagonism mercilessly between father and son, who are both equally keen. Ignoring his son's desire to enter the classical high school and become an artist, Adolf Alois sent to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. (This is the same high school who later entered Adolf Eichmann 17 years later.) Hitler refused this decision, and in the book Mein Kampf , Hitler revealed that he did poorly in school, hoping that after his father saw "little progress that I made at the technical school, he would let me pursue my dream."
Hitler was obsessed with since I was a young German nationalism. He showed his loyalty to the German, Habsburg monarchy hate the increasingly chaotic and reign in the empire inhabited by various ethnic groups. Hitler and his friends use the word German greeting "Heil", and sing the German national anthem "Deutschland Über Alles" instead of the national anthem of the Austrian Empire.
After the sudden death of Alois dated January 3, 1903, Hitler achievement at school deteriorated. Her mother allowed Hitler to quit school in the fall of 1905. He attended the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904; behavior and performance improved. In the autumn of 1905, after graduating supplementary exam and the final exam, Hitler left school without any desire to continue their education or build a career.
Adolescence in Vienna and Munich.
Since 1905, Hitler underwent bohemian life in Vienna, funded by allowances for orphans and help from her mother. He worked as a common laborer, then a painter who sells watercolor painting. Academy of Fine Arts Vienna twice refused Hitler, namely in 1907 and 1908, due to "unsuitable paint". Director of the academy suggested that Hitler studied architecture, but he did not meet academic requirements. On December 21, 1907, his mother died at the age of 47 years. Having rejected the Academy for the second time, Hitler ran out of money. In 1909, he lived in a homeless shelter, and in 1910, he settled in a house in Meldemannstraße working poor. When Hitler lived there, Vienna is a place full of religious prejudice and racism. Concerns that Vienna will be filled with immigrants from the East extends, and a populist mayor, Karl Lueger, exploiting the rhetoric of antisemitism for political interests. Antisemitism pan-Germanic Georg Schönerer received strong support in the district Mariahilf, where Hitler lived. Hitler read the local newspapers, such as the Deutsches Volksblatt, which fanning prejudices and fears burn Christians who worry about being displaced by the influx of immigrants from the east. Rejecting what he describes as "Jermanofobia" Catholic, she began to like Martin Luther.The origin and when Hitler showed his antisemitism difficult to trace. Hitler said in Mein Kampf that turned into an anti-Semitic Vienna. His friend, August Kubizek, claimed that Hitler was an "official antisemitism" before leaving Linz. Kubizek testimony was challenged by historian Brigitte Hamann, who wrote that Kubizek was the only person who says that the young Hitler was an anti-Semitic. Hamann also wrote that there is no anti-Semitic statements coming out of the mouth of Hitler at that time. Historian Ian Kershaw argues that if Hitler never said that, his word is not known because of antisemitism in Vienna was used at the time. A number of sources provide strong evidence that Hitler had Jewish friends at the inn and other places in Vienna. Historian Richard J. Evans stated that "historians now agree that his famous antisemitism emerged after Germany's defeat (in World War I), as a side effect of the answers paranoid 'betrayal' of these events".
Hitler inherits the last part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich. Historians believe he came out of Vienna to avoid conscription into the Army Austria. Hitler later claimed that he did not want to serve in the Habsburg Empire because mixing of "race" in the body of AD. After he was declared unsuitable for failing physical tests serve in Salzburg on February 5, 1914 he returned to Munich.
World War I.
When World War I broke out, Hitler is a resident of the city of Munich and voluntarily in the Army Bayern as an Austrian citizen. Reserve Infantry Regiment stationed in Bayern 16 (Group Regiment 1), Hitler act as messengers in the Western Front in France and Belgium, spent nearly half his time behind the front line. He was involved in the First Battle of Ypres, Battle of Somme, Battle of Arras, and the Battle of Passchendaele, and was wounded at the Somme.He was awarded the Iron Cross, Second Class, in 1914 for his courage. Because advised Hugo Gutmann, Hitler received the Iron Cross, First Class, on August 4, 1918, an award rarely rank pinned to someone like Hitler (Gefreiter). Hitler job at regimental headquarters, which is fully interact with senior officers, may help him get this award. Although the action was considered daring, but still can not be called very commendable. Hitler also received the Black Wound Badge on May 18, 1918.
During serving in headquarters, Hitler develop his artistic talents by drawing cartoons and instructions to the army newspaper. At the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded in the thigh or the left calf by a grenade that exploded in the trench messengers. Hitler spent almost two months at the Red Cross hospital in Beelitz, then returned to his regiment on March 5, 1917. On October 15, 1918, Hitler was temporarily blinded as a result of mustard gas attack and forced lodged at Pasewalk hospital. There, knowing defeat Hitler Germany, and after getting the news, he was admitted to the blind back.
Hitler became annoyed because the German war effort failed and therefore also the development of ideology slowly formed. He calls the World War I as "the greatest experience of a lifetime" and he was praised by the commander for his courage. This experience strengthens patriotism to Germany and he was surprised by the surrender of Germany in November 1918. Like many other German nationalists, he is believed to Dolchstoßlegende (legend betrayal) who claimed that the German army is "invincible on the field" had been "stabbed in the back "The domestic front by civilian leaders and Marxists, who later dubbed the" November criminals ".
Versailles Treaty stressed that Germany should return some occupied territories and demilitarize the Rhineland. This agreement imposes economic sanctions and heavy reparations on Germany. Many Germans regard this agreement in particular Article 231 which calls Germany is responsible for all consequences of war as an attempt to embarrass Germany. Treaty of Versailles and the economic, social, and political in Germany after the war and then exploited by Hitler for his political interests.
Political arena.
After World War I, Hitler returned to Munich. Without a formal education and career prospects, he tries to survive in AD as long as possible. In July 1919, he was appointed as Verbindungsmann (intelligence agents) for a Aufklärungskommando (commando spy) belonging Reichswehr to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers Party (DAP). Currently overseeing the activities of DAP, Hitler was interested in the idea of the founder of the party, Anton Drexler, the antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist, and anti-Marxist. Drexler like a strong active government, non-Jewish version of socialism, and solidarity among the people. Hitler was fascinated by the ability of speech, Drexler invited to join the DAP. Hitler accepted the offer on 12 September 1919 and became the 55th member of the party.
The DAP, Hitler met with Dietrich Eckart, one of the founders of the party and members of secret societies Thule Society. Eckart became Hitler teacher, could exchange ideas with him and introduced him to a wide range of public figures Munich. In order to enhance its appeal, DAP changed its name to Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party NSDAP). Hitler designed a swastika flag in a white circle red background for this party.
Hitler out of the Army in March 1920 and began working full-time for the NSDAP. On February 1921 when it capably addressed the huge crowd he addressed a crowd of 6,000 people in Munich. To publicize the meeting, the two parties supporting truck around town waving swastika flags and spreading leaflets. Popularity Hitler soon rise because of rough polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, political competitors, and the Marxists and Jews. At that time, the NSDAP headquartered in Munich, fertile ground for nationalist anti-German government that wants to destroy Marxism and harassing the Weimar Republic.
In June 1921, when Hitler and Eckart was on a fundraising trip to Berlin, an uprising occurred in the body of the NSDAP in Munich. Some members of the executive committee, some of whom consider Hitler too arrogant, wanted to join their competitors, the German Socialist Party (DSP). Hitler returned to Munich on July 11 and confirm his resignation. The committee members then realized Hitler's resignation means the party broke up. Hitler announced it would rejoin the condition that he replace Drexler as party chairman and party headquarters must remain in Munich. The committee agreed; Hitler rejoin the party as a member of the 3,680. He still got a number of internal contradictions in the NSDAP: Hermann Esser and its allies issuing 3,000 pamphlets attacking Hitler as a traitor party. In the following days, Hitler spoke before a crowd of maintaining himself and extraordinary acclaim. The strategy proved successful: the general members' meeting, he was given absolute power as head of the party with one vote against.
Hitler speeches that excited in a beer hall began to attract a loyal audience. He began to get used to wearing a populist theme targeted at the audience, including the use of a scapegoat to blame for the economic hardship of his audience. Historians noted the hypnotic effect of words on a large crowd, and his eyes to a small crowd. Kessel wrote, "With the incredible ... of Germans speak with mystification charm 'hypnotic' Hitler. The word that appears again and again; Hitler is said to have mesmerized the nation, bringing them into a state of trance in which they can not escape." Historian Hugh Trevor-Roper describes the "charm of his view that conjured many people who are still sane." He wears his personal magnetism and understanding of the psychology of the crowd to get the advantage when addressing the public. Alfons Heck, a former member of the Hitler Youth, describe the reaction to Hitler's speech: "We are burning with nationalist pride that has reached the level of hysteria. At the last minute, we shout as loud as possible with tears: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! Since that time, my self is the property of the body and soul of Adolf Hitler ". Although the ability of speech and personality can be received well by the large crowd and formal occasions, a number of people who never met Hitler personally say that the appearance and behavior fail to provide long-lasting charm.
The first followers include Rudolf Hess, the former air force pilot Hermann Göring, and the army captain Ernst Röhm. Röhm became head of the paramilitary organization of the Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA, "Army Invaders"), which is tasked with protecting the meetings and often attack political rivals. Critical influence on his thinking at that time was Aufbau Vereinigung, a group of White Russian refugees conspiracy and early National Socialist. Group funded a number of prominent wealthy industrialists such as Henry Ford introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy linking of international finance with Bolshevism.
Hitler asked for help World War I General Erich Ludendorff coup named "Bierkeller Putsch". Nazi party wear Italian fascism as a model appearance and their policies. Hitler wanted to emulate the "March on Rome" of Benito Mussolini (1922) to create own coup in Bavaria, followed by opposing the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff seek support Staatskommissar (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, de facto leader Bayern. But Kahr and Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser (Seisser) and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow wants to establish a nationalist dictatorship without the involvement of Hitler.
Hitler wanted to embrace this critical moment to win the broad support of the people. On November 8, 1923, he and the SA stormed general meeting 3000 held in Bürgerbräukeller Kahr, a large beer hall in Munich. Hitler grab Kahr's speech and announced that the national revolution has begun and declared the formation of a new government together Ludendorff. Retreated to the back room, Hitler, with his cell pistol, demanded and got the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow. Hitler's troops initially succeeded in occupying the Reichswehr and the local police headquarters; unfortunately, Kahr and his colleagues withdrew their support and both AD and state police did not join Hitler. The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but was disbanded police. 16 members of the NSDAP and four policemen died in this failed coup.
Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl and according to a number of people he had considered suicide. He was depressed but calm when detained on 11 November 1923 as a result of high treason. His trial began in February 1924 in the presence of a special People's Court in Munich, and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary head of the NSDAP. On April 1, Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison in Landsberg Prison. He handled well by the guards; he was allowed to receive letters from supporters and regular visits by fellow party. Bayern Supreme Court issued a remission and Hitler was released from prison on December 20, 1924, contrary to the state prosecutor's objections. If the calculated overall, Hitler simply languished for more than a year in prison.
In Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf (My Struggle; originally titled Four Half Years of Struggle Against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography once exposure ideology. Mein Kampf was influenced by The Passing of the Great Race work of Madison Grant, Hitler consider "my gospel". The book became the basis of Hitler's plan to transform German society into one based on race. A number of sentences in which emphasizes the genocide. Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, the book sold more than 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One also copies sold in 1933, the first year of Hitler served.
Rebuilding the NSDAP.
After Hitler was released from prison, politics in Germany is already less competitive and the economy improves, thus limiting the opportunities Hitler fulfill its political objectives. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, NSDAP and related organizations are prohibited from standing in Bayern. In a meeting with Prime Minister Bayern Heinrich Held, dated January 4, 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the authority of the state: he would only pursue political power through the democratic process. This meeting managed to lift the ban on the NSDAP. However, Hitler banned speech in public, a ban which remains in force until 1927. In order to advance prohibited political ambitions though, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser, Otto Strasser, and Joseph Goebbels to establish and develop the NSDAP in northern Germany. Strategiwan a talented, Gregor Strasser, create a more independent political path by emphasizing the socialist element of the party's program.
Stock markets in the United States fell on October 24, 1929. The impact in Germany so badly: the millions of people laid off and a number of large banks go bankrupt. Hitler and the NSDAP prepared to take advantage of these events in order to gain support for their party. They promised to delete the Treaty of Versailles, strengthen the economy and provide jobs.
Reign.
Nazi party election results.
Election Total votes % of votes Seats Reichstag Notes
Mei 1924 1.918.300 65 32 Hitler was imprisoned
Desember 1924 907.300 30 14 Hitler free
1928 810.100 26 12
1930 6.409.600 183 107 Following the financial crisis
1932 13.745.000 373 230 After Hitler nominated to be president
1932 11.737.000 331 196
1933 17.277.180 439 288 Hitler became Chancellor of Germany
Brüning government.
Hitler and the NSDAP treasurer Franz Xaver Schwarz at the renovation of the Palais Barlow in Brienner Straße in Munich at the Brown House headquarters, in December 1930
The Great Depression in Germany to give a political opportunity for Hitler. Half the German population supports half against parliamentary republic, which is facing great pressure from right-wing extremists and left. Moderate political parties are not able to stem the tide of extremism, and German referendum in 1929 succeeded in bringing Nazi ideology to the surface. September 1930 elections ended with a large coalition breaking up and replaced by a minority cabinet. Its chairman, chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Central Party, ruled the use of emergency decree of President Paul von Hindenburg. Governance using the decree will become the new norm and pave the way for authoritarian rule. NSDAP rose from obscurity to become the winner 18.3% of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, making it the second largest party in parliament.
Hitler was present in court two Reichswehr officers, Lt. Richard Scheringer and Hans Ludin, in the autumn of 1930. Both have been accused of membership in the NSDAP which at that time were not allowed to Reichswehr personnel. Judge found extremist party NSDAP is, so that counsel for the defendant Hans Frank was forced to call Hitler to testify in court. On 25 September 1930 Hitler testified that his party only pursue political power through democratic elections, a witness who gave him the support of the corps Reichswehr.
Brüning harsh action brought little improvement in the economy and very unpopular. Hitler used it to target specific political messages to the people affected by the inflationary 1920s and the Great Depression, such as farmers, war veterans and the middle class.
Hitler officially release his Austrian citizenship on April 7, 1925, but has not yet obtained German citizenship. Almost 7 years he was a man without a country, can not hold public office, and threatened with deportation. On February 25, 1932, the interior minister Brunswick, also member of the NSDAP, Hitler appointed as a board member country delegates to Reichsrat in Berlin. Hence, Hitler automatically became citizens of Brunswick, as well as Germany.
In 1932, Hitler campaigned against von Hindenburg in the presidential election. The continuity of his nomination is confirmed by the speech on January 27, 1932 at the Industry Club in Düsseldorf, which gave him the support of the majority of the most influential industrialists in Germany. But Hindenburg has been supported by various nationalist parties, monarchists, Catholic, and republican, and a number of social democrats. Hitler wearing campaign slogan "Hitler über Deutschland" ("Hitler over Germany"), referring to the political ambitions once the campaign is using the aircraft. Hitler was ranked second in the two rounds of elections with more than 35% of the vote in the last election. Although he lost, the election is made Hitler a force in German politics.
The appointment as chancellor.
The absence of effective government forced two influential politician, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg, along with a number of industrialists and other businessmen, wrote to von Hindenburg. The signatories forcing Hindenburg appointed Hitler as head of government "free from parliamentary parties", which will turn into a movement that is able to "amaze millions of people".
Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after two parliamentary elections in July and November 1932 did not produce a majority government formation. Hitler would lead the short-lived coalition government formed by the NSDAP and Hugenberg party, namely the German National People's Party (DNVP). On January 30, 1933, a new cabinet was sworn in a brief ceremony in the office of the Hindenburg. NSDAP gained three important positions, Hitler became Chancellor, Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick, and Hermann Göring's Prussian Minister of the Interior. Hitler had previously demanded the post of minister in an attempt to control the police in most areas of Germany.
Reichstag fire and the March elections.
As chancellor, Hitler seeks to counteract the actions of competitors NSDAP to create a majority government. Because of the political deadlock, he asked President Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag again and scheduled elections in early March. On February 27, 1933, the Reichstag building burned. Göring refers to this as a communist plot, because a Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe proven to aggravate the situation in the burning building. At the request of Hitler, Hindenburg responded by issuing a Reichstag Fire Decree of February 28, which remove the basic rights and allowed detention without trial first. Activities of the German Communist Party pressed and about 4,000 members of the communist party on hold. The researchers, including William L. Shirer Alan Bullock, found himself NSDAP who started the fire.
In addition to political campaigns, the NSDAP was involved in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda a few days before the election. On D-day, March 6, 1933, turnout rose to 43.9% NSDAP and the party obtaining the number of seats in parliament. However, Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority, so that they must form a coalition with the DNVP.
Day of Potsdam and Law activation.
Dated March 21, 1933, the new Reichstag was formed through the opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam. "Potsdam Day" was held to show unity between the Nazi movement and the elite and the old Prussian military. Hitler appears with a morning coat and with a friendly welcome President von Hindenburg.
In order to achieve full political control despite failing to obtain an absolute majority in parliament, Hitler's government asked for the draft Ermächtigungsgesetz (Act Activation) to undergo a vote in the Reichstag's newly formed. This bill gives cabinet Hitler full legislative power for four years and (with certain exceptions) to allow deviations from the constitution. The bill requires a two-thirds majority to be passed. Without a wasted opportunity, wearing Nazi Reichstag Fire Decree requirements to prevent a number of Social Democratic deputies present; Communist Party officially banned.
On 23 March, the Reichstag met in the Kroll Opera House under an atmosphere of turmoil. Some members of the SA became a guard in the building, while a large crowd outside chanted slogans against the bill and threats against members of parliament who was coming. Position Central Party, the third largest party in the Reichstag, is absolute. After Hitler promised directly to the party chairman Ludwig Kaas that President von Hindenburg would retain veto, Kaas announced the Centre Party supported the bill activation. Finally, the Act was passed by voice activation 441-84; all parties except the Social Democrats to vote agree. Activation Act, together with the Reichstag Fire Decree, change Hitler's government into a de facto dictatorship lawful.
Elimination of other restrictions.
Though it looks like crap, I tell you that the National Socialist movement will continue until 1,000 years! ... Do not forget how people laugh at me 15 years ago when I said that one day I will lead Germany. They now laugh, as stupid, as I said it will continue to power!
-Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934.
After a successful full control of the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his political allies began to suppress political opposition remains systematically. The Social Democratic Party was banned stand and all its assets seized. When the trade union delegates gathered in Berlin for May Day activities, the SA army to destroy the union offices throughout Germany. On May 2, 1933, all trade unions were forced to disperse and arrested the chairman-chairman; some of them were sent to concentration camps. German Labor Front was formed as an umbrella organization for all workers, administrators, and owners of the company, thus reflecting the concept of national socialism in the spirit of Volksgemeinschaft Hitler (German racial community; literally means "people's community").
In late June, the other parties in order to disperse intimidated. With the help of the SA, Hitler pressed coalition colleagues, Hugenberg, in order to retreat. Dated July 14, 1933, the NSDAP declared as the only legal political party in Germany. SA demands for political and military power that is bigger raises anxiety among military leaders, industry, and politics. Hitler responded by removing the entire leadership of the SA in the Night of the Long Knives Knife-launched June 30 to July 2, 1934. Hitler targeting Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders, along with a number of political opponents of Hitler (like Gregor Strasser and former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher), which then collected, arrested, and shot dead. While the international community and a number of German society was shocked by the assassination, many in Germany saw Hitler was to enforce order.
Dated August 2, 1934, President von Hindenburg died. A day earlier, the cabinet has endorsed the "Supreme Law of the State Position Reich". This law states that after the Hindenburg died, the presidency will be removed and power combined with the power of the chancellor. Hitler then became head of state and head of government, and formally named Führer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor). This law violated the Act Activation. Although allowing Hitler to deviate from the constitution, the law explicitly forbids any law relating to break through the presidency. In 1932, the constitution was amended to make the president of the Supreme Court, not the chancellor, as interim president pending new elections. With this law, Hitler removing the last legal alternatives that can be lowered from power.
As head of state, Hitler became the Supreme Commander of the armed forces. Regular army loyal oath changed to swear allegiance to Hitler himself, rather than the supreme commander or state office. On August 19, merging with the presidential Chancellery approved by 90% of the vote in a plebiscite.
Hitler's personal flag
In early 1938, he wore defamation tactics to consolidate its military power to trigger Blomberg-Fritsch scandal. Hitler forced the Minister of War, Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg resigned to the police report shows that Blomberg's new wife had been involved in prostitution Army Commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch removed in the same way after the Schutzstaffel (SS) made allegations that he was involved in a relationship homosexual. Both a person who does not like after they objected terhadpa Hitler demands that the Wehrmacht prepared for war at least 1938. Hitler took over as commander of Duty Blomberg, so that he can personally control the armed forces. He replaced the Ministry of War with Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces, or OKW), led by General Wilhelm Keitel. On the same day, 16 generals sacked and 44 others transferred; everything is allegedly not pro-Nazi. In early February 1938, 12 generals fired.
After consolidating his political power, Hitler suppress or get rid of the opposition through the process of Gleichschaltung. He seeks to gain additional public support with promises distorting effects of the Great Depression and the Treaty of Versailles.
Many Hitler decree based on the Reichstag Fire Decree, pursuant Article 48 Constitution of Weimar. This decree gives the president the power take emergency measures to protect the safety and public order. Therefore, Hitler could rule under martial law legitimate. Reichstag twice Activation improve law as a formality since all parties other than the banned Nazi stand.
Economy and culture.
In August 1934, Hitler appointed Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht as Minister of Economy, and the next year, as the War Economy Minister Plenipotentiary in charge of preparing the country for war economy. Reconstruction and rearmament funded by Mefo letter, printing money, and seizure of assets of persons detained as an enemy of the state, including the Jews. Unemployment decreased from six million people in 1932 to one million people in 1936. Hitler operate one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in the history of Germany, including the construction of dams, highways, railways, and other public works. Wages rather low in the mid to late 1930s when compared to wages in the Weimar Republic, while the cost of living rose by 25%. The average work week increased when the transition to a war economy; in 1939, an average German worked between 47 to 50 hours a week.
Hitler Government sponsored a large-scale architecture. Albert Speer, is famous for Hitler to implement the classical reinterpretation of German culture, tasked with making the architectural renovation plan Berlin. In 1936, Hitler opened the Summer Olympics in Berlin.
Rearmament and new alliances.
In a meeting with military leaders Germany dated February 3, 1933, Hitler talked about "conquest to acquire Lebensraum in the East and its Jermanisasi cruel" as the primary goal of its foreign policy. In March, Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow, a secretary at the Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Office), issued a statement in the form of the main goals of foreign policy: Anschluss with Austria, the return of national borders Germany in 1914, rejection of military restrictions on the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and the zone of influence of Germany in Eastern Europe. Hitler saw goals made Bülow too simple. In several subsequent speech, he stressed the peaceful purposes of its policies and its willingness to cooperate with international agreements. At the first cabinet meeting of 1933, Hitler's military budget priority than the manufacturing jobs.
Germany out of the League of Nations and World Disarmament Conference in October 1933. In March 1935, Hitler announced the expansion of the Wehrmacht to 600,000 members six times greater than that permitted the Versailles Treaty, including the establishment of the air force (Luftwaffe) and expansion of the size of the navy (Kriegsmarine ). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned the violation of the agreement. English-German Sea Treaty (Agna) dated June 18, 1935 allowing an increase in tonnage Germany to 35% of his AL United Kingdom. Hitler called the signing Agna as "the happiest day of his life," believe that the agreement marks the beginning of the British-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf. France and Italy were not included before signing, so that directly overlook the LBB and make the Versailles Treaty is no longer valid.
Germany reoccupied the Rhineland demilitarized zone in March 1936, breaking the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler also sent troops to Spain to help General Franco after receiving a request for assistance in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to form the British-German alliance. On August 1936, responding to the growing economic crisis as a result of the effort of rearmament, Hitler asked Göring imposed a four-year plan in order to prepare Germany for war within the next four years. This plan is an all-out struggle between "Judeo-Bolshevism" and German national socialism, which in the view of Hitler in need of rearmament effort without thinking about economic risks.
Conti Galeazzo Ciano, foreign minister for the government of Benito Mussolini, announced the formation of an alliance between Germany and Italy, and on 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan. Britain, China, Italy, and Poland are also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italian who signed it in 1937. Hitler canceled plans British-German alliance and blamed the British government that "does not fit". At a meeting in Reichskanzlei with foreign ministers and military leaders that November, Hitler reiterated his desire to pursue Lebensraum German nation. He ordered preparations for war in the eastern region beginning at least in 1938 and no later than the year 1943. By his death, the minutes of the meeting were recorded as Hossbach Memorandum is considered a "political statement" of his. He felt a sharp decline in living standards in Germany caused by the economic crisis that can only be stopped by military aggression against Austria and Czechoslovakia. Hitler wanted quick action before the British and French permanent excel in an arms race. In early 1938, after the scandal Blomberg-Fritsch, Hitler took over control of the military instrument of foreign policy, dismiss Neurath as Foreign Minister and appoint himself as the Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht (the supreme commander of the armed forces). Since the beginning of 1938 onwards, Hitler implement foreign policy with the aim of the war.
World War II
On February 1938, on the advice of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the newly appointed, Joachim von Ribbentrop very pro-Japanese, Hitler put an end to the Chinese-German alliance with the Republic of China in order to form an alliance with Japan is more modern and powerful. Hitler announced his government recognize Manchukuo, the Japanese in Manchuria holder country, and attract German claims against their former colonies owned by the Japanese in the Pacific. Hitler declared the end of the delivery of arms to China and repatriate all German official who worked in the Army of China. As retaliation, the Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek canceled all Sino-German economic agreements, so that the raw materials China is no longer enter Germany.
Austria and Czechoslovakia.
On March 12, 1938, Hitler announced the unification of Austria with Nazi Germany in the Anschluss program. Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population in the district of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.
28-29 March 1938, Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin together with Konrad Henlein of Heimfront (Front of Home Affairs) Sudeten, the party of ethnic Germans in the Sudetenland. They agreed that Henlein asked for greater autonomy for the Sudeten German population to the Czechoslovak government, thus giving legitimacy to military action, Germany to Czechoslovakia. On April 1938, Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that "whatever the Czech government offered, he would always ask for higher again ... he wanted to sabotage an understanding with any sense because this is the only way to break up Czechoslovakia quickly". Personally, Hitler regarded the Sudeten issue unimportant; real desire is waging a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia.
In April, Hitler requested OKW getting ready for Fall Grün ("Case Green"), the invasion of Czechoslovakia code. Because of insistent diplomatic pressure from France and Britain, on September 5, Czechoslovak President Edvard Benes launched the "Fourth Plan" for constitutional reorganization of his country who approve most requests Henlein's Sudeten autonomy. Heimfront Henlein responded Benes deals with a series of riots against police Czechoslovakia and led to the imposition of martial law in a number of districts in the Sudeten.
Germany relies on imported oil; confrontation with Britain over the disputed Czechoslovakia will reduce the supply of oil Germany. Hitler canceled the Fall Grün that was originally planned for October 1, 1938. On September 29, Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Edouard Daladier and Benito Mussolini held a one-day conference in Munich and resulted in the Munich Agreement which contains the district submission Sudetenland to Germany.
Chamberlain satisfied with the Munich conference and called it "peace for today", while Hitler was angry over the loss of the chance to fight in 1938; He expressed discontent in a speech on October 9 in Saarbrücken. In view of Hitler, who helped Britain's peace, despite fulfilling the request of Germany, is a diplomatic defeat thwarted his desire to limit British rule opens the way German expansion to the east. Because the meeting was also Hitler was chosen as Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1938.
In late 1938 and early 1939 due to the continuing economic crisis forced Hitler's rearmament massive budget cuts. In a speech entitled "Export or die" dated 30 January 1939, he asked for the sake of improving economic attacks German holdings of foreign currency to buy raw materials such as high-quality steel for military weapons.
On March 15, 1939, breaking the Munich Agreement and may be due to the economic crisis emphasized the need for additional assets, Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht invaded Prague and proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate from Prague Castle.
The outbreak of World War II.
In private discussions of 1939, Hitler declared Britain as the main enemy that needs to be defeated and the destruction of Poland is a necessary prerequisite for achieving these goals. The east side will be secured and the land included in the German Lebensraum. Offended by a "guarantee" Poland's independence by Britain on March 31, 1939, Hitler said, "I have to make a drink demons for them." In a speech in Wilhelmshaven at the launch of the battleship Tirpitz April 1, he threatened to cancel the British-German Sea Treaty if Britain continues to guarantee the independence of Poland, which he saw as a policy of "encirclement". Poland will become a satellite state of German or neutralized to secure the eastern side of the Reich and prevent the possibility of the British blockade. Hitler initially chose the idea of a satellite state, but because the Polish government rejected, he decided to invade Poland and make it the main goal of its foreign policy in 1939. On April 3, Hitler ordered the military to prepare for Fall Weiss ("Case White"), namely the invasion plan to Poland on 25 August. In a speech in the Reichstag on 28 April, Hitler canceled the Sea Treaty English-German Non-Aggression Pact and Germany-Poland. In August, Hitler told his generals that his original plan for 1939 is "... establish good relations with Poland for the sake of the fight against the West." Some historians such as William Carr, Gerhard Weinberg and Ian Kershaw argues that Hitler launched the war haste reason was that he was afraid he died first.
Hitler worried military offensive into Poland would create an early war against Britain. However, Hitler's foreign minister and former ambassador to London-Joachim von Ribbentrop ensure that neither Britain nor France would not honor their commitments to Poland. Because it is guaranteed that, on August 22, 1939 Hitler ordered the military mobilization to Poland.
This plan requires the help of a secret Soviet non-aggression pact (the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) between Germany and the Soviet Union, led by Joseph Stalin, including secret agreement division of Poland for both countries. Responding to this new pact formed and is different from the prediction Ribbentrop that this action would worsen the British-Polish relations and Polish-British English-Polish alliance formed on August 25, 1939. This maneuver, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honor the Pact of Steel, forcing Hitler to delay the invasion of Poland from 25 August to 1 of September. Hitler failed to divert Britain to a neutral position by offering a guarantee of non-aggression to the British Empire on August 25; He then instructed Ribbentrop to reveal the peace plan last minute with a very short time frame in order to blame the war will happen to his spry not Britain and Poland.
Although troubled by the British intervention, Hitler's invasion of Poland continued plan. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded western Poland by reason of his claim against the Free City of Danzig and extraterritorial rights over the road crossing the Polish Corridor was rejected, which has been submitted in accordance Germany Treaty of Versailles. This action responds, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, shocking and forced Hitler asked angrily told Ribbentrop, "Now what?" France and Britain immediately act on their statements, and on September 17, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland.
Poland will never rise again in the form of the Treaty of Versailles. This is guaranteed not only by the Germans, but also ... Russia.
-Adolf Hitler, public speech in Danzig at the end of September 1939
The fall of Poland followed by what is called a number of journalists as "False War" or Sitzkrieg ("sitting war"). Hitler instructed two Polish Gauletier northwest newly appointed, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Wartheland Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau, to "change" their area "without question" about how. When the Polish population in the area Forster must sign a statement that they have German blood, Greiser brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing against the Polish population in the region. Greiser complain Forster allowing thousands of Poles accepted as a "race" that threatened the German "racial purity" of Germany. Hitler refused to be involved, because he wanted to make an example of the theory of "working for the Führer": Hitler issued instructions are not clear and expect all subordinates carry out their own policies.
Another dispute arises concerning methods of Himmler and Greiser, who chose ethnic cleansing in Poland, against methods Göring and Hans Frank, the Governor-General of the General Government territory of Poland, who want to change Poland into a "granary" Reich. On February 12, 1940, the dispute was originally completed through the implementation of methods Göring-Frank, which put an end to the mass expulsion that disrupt the flow of the economy. However, on May 15, 1940, Himmler wrote a memo entitled "Thoughts on Handling of Foreign Residents in the East" who propose the expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe to Africa and isolate the Polish population into "working class without a leader." Himmler memo calling Hitler "good and right," and then apply the policy Himmler-Greiser in Poland, while ignoring and Frank Göring.
Hitler began to focus its military on the western border of Germany, and in April 1940, German troops invaded Denmark and Norway. April 9, Hitler announced the birth of "German Reich Kingdom", ie his vision of a Germanic empire nations of Europe are united, where the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavia joined the coalition "pure race" under the leadership of Germany. In May 1940, Germany attacked France, and occupy Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium. The victory forced Mussolini led Italy joined Hitler on June 10. France surrendered on June 22.
Britain, whose army was forced to leave France by sea from Dunkirk, continued to fight alongside other British Empire at the Battle of the Atlantic. Hitler offered peace to Britain's new leader, Winston Churchill, and after being turned down he ordered bombing raids to the United Kingdom. Hitler's invasion plans to the United Kingdom began with a series of raids in the Battle of Britain against a number of air bases and radar stations Royal Air Force (RAF) in South East England. Unfortunately, the German Luftwaffe was not able to defeat the Royal Air Force. At the end of October, Hitler realized that air superiority for the invasion of Britain-Operation Sea Lion-can not be achieved, then he launched air strikes against the night cities in Britain, including London , Plymouth, and Coventry.
On September 27, 1940, Three Party Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburo Kurusu of Imperial Japan, Hitler, and Italy's foreign minister Ciano, then extends to Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria, thus strengthening the Axis powers. Hitler efforts in integrating the Soviet Union with an anti-British failure stalemate after the meeting between Hitler and Molotov in Berlin in November, then it asks all parties to prepare for a massive invasion of the Soviet Union.
In the spring of 1941, the military activity in North Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East to divert Hitler from his plans in the eastern region. In February, German troops arrived in Libya to strengthen the presence of Italian troops there. In April, Hitler invaded Yugoslavia, which was soon followed by the invasion of Greece. In May, German troops were sent to help the Iraqi rebel forces fighting the British and invaded Crete. On May 23, Hitler issued a warrant Führer No. 30.
Ahead of defeat.
Dated June 22, 1941, against non-aggression pact Hitler-Stalin in 1939, 5.5 million Axis troops invaded the Soviet Union. The aim of this large-scale offensive (Operation Barbarossa) is the total destruction of the Soviet Union and the seizure of all its natural resources for future aggression attempt against Western countries. In this invasion, Germany successfully annexed the vast territory, including the Baltic republics, Belarus and Western Ukraine. After the success of the Battle of Smolensk, Hitler ordered Army Group Central stop the speed to Moscow and temporarily divert the panzer group to the north and the south to help the siege of Leningrad and Kiev. Hitler's decision created a major crisis among military officials, because the generals do not agree with the change of the target. Pause is taken Hitler at the end of the summer give the Red Army the opportunity to mobilize new reserves; historian Russell Stolfi regard this as one of the main factors that led to the failure of the Moscow attacks, the newly resumed in October 1941 and ended with great failure in December.
On December 7, 1941, Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler officially declared war against the United States.
Dated December 18, 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, "What needs to be done to the Jews of Russia?" Hitler replied, "als Partisanen auszurotten" ("destroy them as partisan"). Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer commented that the statement could be a sign that almost could be said by historians as a direct order from Hitler to carry out genocide during the Holocaust.
In late 1942, German forces defeated in the second battle of El Alamein, thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East. Too convinced of its own military capabilities after the initial victory in 1940, Hitler became not trust the High Command of the Army and began to interfere in military and tactical planning with disastrous consequences. In February 1943, Hitler rejection repetitive towards their withdrawal from the Battle of Stalingrad resulted in the total destruction of the 6th Army. More than 200,000 soldiers and 235,000 other shaft fall captive, only 6,000 of which are home to Germany after the war. After that, there was an absolute defeat at the Battle of Kursk. Opinion Hitler began is unclear, and military and economic position of Germany joined Hitler fell as deteriorating health. Kershaw and other historians believe Hitler experiencing Parkinson's disease.
After the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Mussolini was deposed by Pietro Badoglio, who surrendered to the Allies. Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union slowly forcing Hitler's troops retreat along the Eastern Front. June 6, 1944, Allied forces landed in northern France West in one of the largest amphibious operation in history, Operation Overlord. Due to a series of major setbacks suffered by the German Army, many top brass concluded that defeat was inevitable and miscalculation or rejection of Hitler would bring the war into the country and led to Germany destroyed.
Between 1939 and 1945, there are many plans to assassinate Hitler, some of which continue to some degree. The most famous effort actually comes from Germany alone and driven by the possibility that Germany would lose the war. In July 1944, the plan July 20, part of Operation Valkyrie, is executed. Claus von Stauffenberg placed a bomb in one of the buildings Hitler's headquarters, Wolf's Lair at Rastenburg. Hitler was almost killed because someone accidentally pushed the suitcase bombs to the back foot thick conference table. When the bomb exploded, the table reflects the blast away from Hitler. After that, Hitler ordered a cruel revenge that led to the execution of more than 4,900 people.
Defeat and death.
In late 1944, both the Red Army and the Western Allies were stormed in Germany. Knowing the strength and tenacity of the Red Army, Hitler decided to use the rest of the reserve army troops to fight the United States and Britain which he perceived as weaker. On 16 December, he launched an offensive in the Ardennes to split the Western Allies and perhaps convince them to fight against the Soviets. After the attack failed, Hitler realized that Germany would lose the war. Last hope to negotiate peace with the United States and Britain assisted by Franklin D. Roosevelt's death on 12 April of 1945; however, in contrast to expectations, the Allies remained undaunted. Acting with the view that the failure of the German army also eliminates the right to stand as a nation, Hitler ordered the destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before it falls into the hands of the Allies. Armaments Minister Albert Speer believed to execute this scorched earth plan, but secretly he refused.
On April 20, Hitler's birthday the 56th, Hitler did the last trip of Fuhrerbunker ("protection Führer") to the surface. In the garden Reichskanzlei destroyed, he pinned the Iron Cross to a number of soldiers of the Hitler Youth. On April 21, the 1st Belorussian Front leader Georgy Zhukov managed to penetrate the defenses of the German Army Group Vistula led by General Gotthard Heinrici at the Battle of Seelow Highlands and drove to the outskirts of Berlin. Rejecting the situation, pinning their hopes on Hitler Waffen SS troops led by General Felix Steiner, Steiner Armeeabteilung ("Army Detachment Steiner"). Hitler asked Steiner to attack the northern side of the hill and the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack north in the form of attacks flops.
At a military conference on April 22, Hitler questioned Steiner attacks. He was told that the attack was never launched and Russian forces had entered Berlin. Answer is forcing Hitler asked everyone besides Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Hans Krebs, and Wilhelm Burgdorf out of the room. Hitler then a massive upset over the betrayal and the inability of commanders who ended with a statement for the first time that Germany lost the war. Hitler announced that he would remain in Berlin until the war ended, and then committed suicide.
On April 23, the Red Army surrounded the entire Berlin and Goebbels made a statement calling on the citizens to defend the city of Berlin. On the same day, Göring sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden that contains the suggestion that because Hitler was isolated in Berlin, he, Göring, had to take over the government of Germany. Göring set a deadline, the passing of which he considers Hitler not in power anymore. Hitler responded by holding Göring and in his will written 29 April, Hitler declared Göring dismissed from all government posts he held. April 28, Hitler knew that Himmler, who left Berlin on April 20, was trying to discuss surrender to the Western Allies. He ordered Himmler was arrested and Hermann Fegelein (Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters in Berlin) is executed.
After midnight 29 April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small wedding ceremony in the space map in Fuhrerbunker. After a simple breakfast with his new wife, he took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated the testament and last words. This event was witnessed and documents signed by Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf, Joseph Goebbels, and Martin Bormann. That evening, Hitler was informed about the murder of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, which may reinforce the desire to resist arrest.
April 30, 1945, after fierce street fighting, when the Soviet army are one or two blocks of Reichskanzlei, Hitler and Braun committed suicide; Braun biting the cyanide capsule and Hitler shot himself. Their bodies were carried up through the emergency exit door to the back garden Reichskanzlei bunker that was destroyed, then placed in a bomb crater and doused in gasoline. Both bodies later burned bombardment atmosphere accompanied by the Red Army.
Berlin surrendered on May 2. Soviet archival records released after the fall of the Soviet Union showed that the remains of Hitler, Braun, Joseph and Magda Goebbels, the six Goebbels children, General Hans Krebs and Hitler's dogs repeatedly buried and raised. On April 4, 1970, a team of Soviet KGB wearing funeral detailed map to appoint five wooden boxes in SMERSH facility in Magdeburg. The remains of the box was burned, destroyed, and deployed in Biederitz river, a tributary of the Elbe.
Holocaust.
If the wealthy Jews outside Europe managed to bring this nation once again into the arena of war, the result is not favorable Earth bolshevisasi Jews, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!
-Adolf Hitler made a speech in the German Reichstag, January 30, 1939
Holocaust and war in eastern Germany is based on the long-standing view of Hitler that the Jews are the enemy of the Germans and that Lebensraum need to be created for the sake of expansion of Germany. He focused on Eastern Europe for the expansion effort by beating Poland and the Soviet Union and get rid of or slaughtered Jews and Slavs. Generalplan Ost ("General Plan for the East") contains the deportation of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to the occupied West Siberia to be used as laborers or killed; region will stand colonized by the German population. The goal is to implement this plan after conquering the Soviet Union, but if it fails, Hitler still continue. On January 1942, Hitler decided to kill all the Jews, Slavs, and other deportation residents who want removed.
Holocaust ("Endlösung der Judenfrage" or "Final Solution of Jewish Question") was ordered by Hitler and formulated and implemented by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich. Note Wannsee Conference held on January 20, 1942, led by Heydrich and attended by 15 senior Nazi officials provide clear evidence of a systematic plan Holocaust. February 22, Hitler said, "we must regain our health to exterminate the Jews." Approximately 30 concentration camps and extermination camps used to implement this plan. In the summer of 1942, the Auschwitz concentration camp quickly expanded to accommodate large numbers of people deported to be killed or enslaved.
Although there is no specific order from Hitler that permits mass killing published, it approved the establishment of the Einsatzgruppen killer squad that follows the path of the German Army crossed the Polish, Baltic, and the Soviet Union and he was very aware of their activities. In the recording of interrogations by Soviet intelligence officer, published 50 years later, Hitler driver, Heinz Linge, and his aide, Otto Günsche, stating that Hitler had a direct interest for the development of the gas chamber.
Between 1939 and 1945, the Schutzstaffel (SS), government aided collaboration with the Axis in World War Strength IIkolaborasionis and recruits from countries holder, responsible for the deaths of 11 to 14 million people, including 6 million Jews who represent two-thirds of the Jewish population in Europe, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million ethnic Roma. Death occurs in the concentration camps and extermination camps, ghettos and mass executions. Many Holocaust victims gassed to death, while others died of starvation or disease while working as slave laborers.
Hitler policy also resulted in the murder of the Poles and Soviet prisoners of war, the communists and other political opponents, homosexuals, the physically and mentally handicapped, Jehovah's Witnesses, Adventists, and trade union members. Hitler never visited the concentration camp and discuss the murder in public.
Other Nazi concept is the meaning of racial purity. On September 15, 1935, Hitler introduced two laws called Nuremberg Laws to the Reichstag. These laws prohibiting marriage between citizens of German non-Jews and Jews, and prohibits the employment of non-Jewish women under age 45 years in a Jewish family. This law also removes the rights of German citizenship held those "non-Aryan". The first of Hitler's eugenics policies targeting children with physical and mental disabilities in a program called Action Brandt, then allow euthanasia program for adults with physical and mental disabilities are now called Action T4.
Leadership style.
Hitler's NSDAP led by autocratic by applying Führerprinzip ("leader principle"). This principle relies on the absolute obedience of all subordinates to their leaders; so he saw the governance structure as a pyramid, with her absolute leader at the top. Rank in the party election is not determined by the positions filled through appointment by the higher ranks, which demands obedience without a statement against the wishes of the leader. Hitler's leadership style is to give orders to subordinates opposite and put them in positions where their duties and responsibilities overlap each other so that "a stronger person do his job". In this way, Hitler encourages mutual distrust, competition, and fights among his subordinates in order to consolidate and maximize power. Never meeting his cabinet after 1938, and he asked his ministers not meet personally. Hitler usually do not give a written order; he told her verbally or communicated through close associates, Martin Bormann. He entrusted all the documents, appointment, and his personal wealth to Bormann and Bormann utilize his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler.
Hitler personally make all major military decisions. Historians agree that assess its performance after a strong start, he increasingly inflexible after 1941 so that he squandered owned by the German military forces. Historian Antony Beevor found when the war broke out, "Hitler is an inspired leader, because of his genius lies in assessing the weaknesses of others and exploit these weaknesses." However, from 1941 onwards, "he became very sclerotic. It does not allow setbacks or flexibility of any kind between field commanders, and it is so devastating."
Heritage.
The suicide of Hitler was considered by contemporary historians as a "mantra" is broken. According to historian John Toland, without its leader, National Socialism "burst like a bubble."
Hitler and Nazi ideology action is almost universally regarded as something very immoral; according to historian Ian Kershaw, "Never before in the history of such damage physically and morally linked with the name of one person." Hitler's political program resulted in the outbreak of the world war, left Europe and the Middle East were shattered and impoverished. Germany itself suffered total destruction dubbed "Zero Hour". Hitler's policies resulted in the scale of human suffering incredible; by R.J. Rummel, the Nazi regime was responsible for killing about 21 demosida against civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 29 million soldiers and civilians killed by military action in the European theater in World War II, and Hitler's role is described as, "... the main designer of the war that led to 50 million people died and millions of others lament their death ..." historians, philosophers, and politicians often use the word "devil" to refer to the Nazi regime. Many European countries criminalizing support for Nazism and Holocaust denial.
Historian Friedrich Meinecke mentions Hitler as "one of the greatest examples of extraordinary strength and a single person throughout life history". British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper saw it as "one of the bad historian, figure conqueror the world's most systematic, the most historic, most philosophical, but the rudest, meanest, most generous ever known to mankind." For historian John M. Roberts, Hitler's defeat signaled the end of the phase of the history of German-dominated Europe. Instead, there was the Cold War, a global confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States.
Religious views.
Hitler saw the church politically important, as a conservative influence on society. He felt that if the church was destroyed, religious people will turn to mysticism, which he regarded as a political and cultural setback. Although he never officially left the Catholic Church, he had no real closeness with the church. After leaving home, he never attended Mass or receiving the sacraments. He prefers Protestantism aspects that fit with his views and adopted some elements of the hierarchical organization, liturgy and phraseology of the Catholic Church in politics.
In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and Christian German culture, and choose faith in Jesus Christ "Arya" a Jesus who fight against the Jewish people. He talked about his interpretation of Christianity as its primary motivation antisemitism, saying, "As a Christian I have no right to allow myself lied, but I have the right to be a fighter for truth and justice."" Personally, he was more critical of traditional Christianity, consider it a fitting religion embraced the slaves; he liked the power of Rome, but rude to the teachings. Historian John S. Conway said that Hitler had a "fundamental antagonism" against Christian churches.
In political relations with the church, Hitler took the strategy "that fits with their political goals". According to the US Office of Strategic Services, Hitler had a general plan, even before the ruling, to destroy the influence of the Christian churches in the Reich. The report titled "The Nazi Master Plan," it stated that the destruction of the church is the goal of the movement from the beginning, but not enough to express the extreme position publicly. The goal, according to Bullock, is to wait until the war is over, and then destroy the Christian influence.
Hitler liked Muslim military tradition, but still regard the Arabs as "inferior race". He believes that the Germans, such as Muslims, can control most of the world in the Middle Ages. Although Hitler was interested in the occult, poetry translation, and trace the roots of prehistoric Germanic peoples, Hitler was more pragmatic and ideology centered on things more practical.
Health.
Many researchers argued that Hitler suffered from irritable bowel syndrome is, skin lesions, heart rate is not fixed, Parkinson's disease, syphilis, and tinnitus. In a report to the Office of Strategic Services in 1943, Walter C. Langer of Harvard University calls Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath." A number of theories about Hitler difficult to prove medical conditions, and according to them too much burden when linking a number of events and due to the Third Reich with a person's physical health is probably bad. Kershaw felt better take a broader view of the history of Germany to assess the social boost what created the Third Reich and its policies, rather than seeking narrow explanation of the Holocaust and World War II than one person.
Hitler followed a vegetarian diet. At social events she sometimes expressed disgusting statement on the slaughter of animals in order to avoid meat dinner guests. Fear of cancer (causing his mother died) is the reason for diet most famous Hitler. As an anti surgery, Hitler might choose selective diet because they respect the animals. Bormann had a greenhouse near the Berghof (near Berchtesgaden) to ensure a steady supply of fruits and fresh vegetables for Hitler throughout the war. Hitler abstain from alcohol and non-smokers. He promotes anti-smoking campaigns are aggressive throughout Germany. Hitler began to often use amphetamines after 1937 and become addicted in the fall of 1942. Albert Speer associate this with the use of amphetamines Hitler decisions increasingly inflexible (eg, never allow the military retreat from the battlefield).
With 90 types of medicines throughout the war, Hitler taking pills every day because of chronic stomach problems and other ailments. He suffered damage to the eardrum by a bomb July 20, 1944 and 200 pieces of wood should be removed from his leg. Hitler news footage showed a vibration in his hands and force his way limping, which has existed since before the war and deteriorating until the end. Hitler's personal doctor, Theodor Morell, Hitler cared for by a drug often used to deal with Parkinson's disease in 1945. Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also concluded Hitler suffered from Parkinson's disease.
Family.
Hitler created a public image as being celibate without a domestic life, dedicated his whole life to politics and the nation's mission. He met his lover, Eva Braun, in 1929, and married in April 1945. In September 1931, half-niece, Geli Raubal, Hitler committed suicide with a gun in his apartment in Munich. Spread rumors that Geli was involved in a romantic relationship with Hitler and his death became a source of profound sadness that last a long time. Paula Hitler, the last family members were still alive, died in 1960.
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