Do You Know Island City.

Some unique Island City though little-known, has been built in an extraordinary way by humans utilize all the resources available in his day. But for some reason this island towns have been abandoned, forgotten and then abandoned. Island City called unique because the city is built in one of the island or the city also constructed so as to form an island in the middle of the ocean.

Deserted Floating City of Oily Rocks.

Including one strange city in the world located offshore Azerbaijan, which is now abandoned and dilapidated. 'Oily Rocks' was built on an offshore rig and grew into a city. Interestingly, most of the 'foundation' of the city take advantage of the material from the sunken wreck. Originally created to serve the oil industry, and provides housing, schools, libraries and shops for workers and their families. Now part of the building is still there, but many roads have disappeared swallowed by the waves.

Abandoned Launch Platform for some of America's first spy satellites.

It is a platform for the launch of spy satellites first American to have been abandoned. There are many isolated military bases around the world, but only a few are off the beaten track like this Johnston Atoll.

Located in the central Pacific and consists of more than one runway that is broad, it is not difficult to imagine what has been done here over the years with their radar. Originally a natural island on a coral reef about 750 miles northwest of Hawaii, Johnston Atoll has been enlarged over the years by coral dredging. The result: a man-made island that is half of a large military base with accommodations for more than 1,000 people.

Between 1958 and 1975, Johnston Atoll Atoll is used as a nuclear test site for nuclear weapons underground and above ground. Some nuclear test missile was launched from the atoll during "Operation Dominic" in 1962. Johnston Atoll well established as a platform for some of the launch of the first American spy satellites and other scientific rockets. But in 1993, the military mission has been minimized and even this place was abandoned.

The Fort in the middle of nowhere.

This was a military fort in the middle of the sea, quite strange because it was built complete with moat !. Fort Jefferson is part of Tortugas National Park in the waters of Key West, Florida. Construction on the "castle in the middle of nowhere country" started in 1846. Originally intended for the US defense, but for 30 years in construction was not found a good reason to achieve that goal.

During and after the Civil War, the fort began to be used as a prison for deserters and other criminals. In 1874 soldiers left the fort after several hurricanes and epidemics of yellow fever, but around 1898 the place is used navy who use its facilities during the Spanish-American War. This fort was also used from 1888 to 1900 as a quarantine station.

Ghost Island - The highest population density ever recorded.

Dubbed as a ghost island, the island city that was built by Mitsubishi was once listed as the city with the highest population density in the world. Other names are Hashima Island (meaning "island of the Border"), are also commonly referred Gunkanjima (meaning "island of wars") is one of the 505 uninhabited islands in the Nagasaki Prefecture about 15 kilometers from Nagasaki itself.

The island was inhabited from 1887 to 1974 as a coal mining facility. Facilities such as a cinema, doctor, arcade, restaurant and bar was added later, and the city became a community, developing microcosm. The whole complex is connected via an underground tunnel. At its peak in 1959, Hashima Island is the most densely populated cities in the world, with 5,259 inhabitants on the outcropping, small rocky island. That means there are 835 people for every 2.5 acres.

When petroleum replace coal in Japan in the 1960s, coal mines began closing around the country, and Hashima mine was no exception. Mitsubishi officially announced the closing of the mine in 1974, and to this day is empty and empty, so-called Ghost Island. Travel to Hashima now been banned.

Man-Made Abandoned Military Island.

Fort Carroll is an artificial island fortress of 3.4 acres (14,000 m²), which had been abandoned in the middle of the Patapsco River, just south of Baltimore, Maryland. In World War II, was used as a firing range for the Army and a checkpoint for ships.

The government no longer use the castle as a military post in 1920, and the island is declared as 'surplus property' in 1923. In May 1958, a Baltimore attorney purchased the island for $ 10,000, but the development plans never materialized. The fort now remains deserted.

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Wonders People Do not Know.

Banaue Rice Terraces in the Philippines.

From these images look great, yes, irrigated fields ancient 2000 years old. Located in the mountains of Ifugao Philippines, known as the Banaue Rice Terraces. Not heroics, but the Philippines was quite satisfied if Banaue Rice Terraces are placed as "Eighth Wonder of the World".
It is estimated, rice fields 'carved out' in this Ifugo mountain, made with a very traditional equipment by ancestors of the Philippines. Terraced rice fields are located in 1,500 meters above sea level and surrounding mountain slopes as far as 10,360 square kilometers.
Incredible, ancestors already arranged in such a way that irrigation comes from forests that are above the rice fields. Locals to this day still plant rice starch also vegetables on it.
Erosion, is one threat to the existence of this ancient rice fields. Therefore, the government is also very concerned about the residents of this, treatment and reconstruction is done continuously, to maintain its sustainability.

Sigiriya in Sri Lanka.

It is the remains of an ancient castle situated on a rock. Sigiriya or the Lion Rock, so called. Located in Matale District, Sri Lanka, surrounded by forests, reservoirs, also gardens. Its location is unique, coupled with stunning scenery, making Sigiriya visited by many tourists. Viewed from the air, Sigiriya as ancient paintings reminiscent of Ajanta Caves in India.

Masas Sigiriya built in the reign of King Kassapa I who ruled from 477-495 AD. This place is one of the seven ancient relics owned by Sri Lanka. Allegedly, Sirigiya inhabited since pre-history. Then, in the 5th century BC, the place is used as a convent.

Tower of Hercules in Spain.

Hercules tower is a relic of ancient Roman lighthouse located on the peninsula, about 2.4 kilometers (1.5 miles) from the center of Corunna, Galicia, northwest Spain. Corunna name comes from an ancient column. The 55 meter high tower overlooks the North Atlantic coast, Spain.
1900-year-old Hercules lighthouse, Roman relics still in service today
It is said that this tower has reached the age of 1900 years, rehabilitated in 1791. It is a relic of a Roman lighthouse that still functioned.

Toruń, Ancient City in northern Poland Still Exist.

Toru is a city in northern Poland, exactly in the Vistula River. It is an ancient city that has been around since 1100 BC that still exist. This city is the hometown of Nicolaus Copernicus (An astronomer, mathematician and economist. His theory is the famous sun as the center of the Solar System, overturning the traditional geocentric theory -that put the Earth at the center of semesta- regarded as one of the most important inventions of all time, and is the fundamental starting point for modern astronomy and modern science. This theory raises scientific revolution)
The ancient city of Torun in Poland still exist until now. Allegedly this city already in 1100 BC
Toru became the forerunner of the first settlement in the area, estimated to have been around since 1100 BC. The town developed in the Middle Ages, namely the 7th century to the 13. Later Teutonic Knights built a fort around the settlement, between the years 1230-31. At 1263, Franciscan monks settled in the area following the Dominican in 1239.

The city is growing with the construction of a new town near Toru. Both cities have developed into an important trading center in the Middle Ages.
If you see this picture, really interesting. This place has always until now much visited. If in the past for being a commercial city, was now a tourist town that is loaded with past history.

Ajanta Caves in India.

Goa Ajanta in Maharashtra, one of the many ancient relics that exist in India. Amazing in this cave paintings are too many Buddha statues of high artistic value. It is estimated, monuments that exist in this cave started work in the 2nd century BC.

But the caves at Ajanta are then abandoned. During 1300 years this dormant cave, on the outside, shrub grows high, eventually become automatic forests hide the existence of this cave. No one ever knew that there saved 'world heritage' is incredible. Until finally in the spring of 1819 a British officer, accidentally entered the steep canyon.
The deeper he went in there, and he was incredible surprised because he found a hidden door in one of the caves. This is the first visit after thousands of years human beings. When the cave was discovered only 'home' and kalelawar birds and other animals. Captain Smith then perform the first exploration to determine the 'content' of the mysterious cave. Captain Smith's name is known, because he wrote his name on the cave wall and coming years. He wrote, "Captain Smith, April 1819".

Valley of Flowers in the Himalayas.

The Valley of Flowers is a valley at an altitude of Himalayas. The climbers also botanists describe the valley amazingly beautiful, has existed since more than a century, even in the Hindu mythology, the depiction of the existence of this valley has existed since time immemorial.

Overlays are soft, meadows interspersed with flowers colorful, very beautiful and looked almost oppressive. Beautiful flower valley more complete with background mountains and forests. Flower valley was declared a national park (Nanda Devi National Park) in 1982. Local people know of the existence of this flower valley, they believe that the place was inhabited by fairies flock.

Meteora, building on the summit of Mount Batu Athos, Greece.

See these pictures, you definitely amazed. How can a Castile could stand on top of a rock. Imagine how difficult the construction of this castle, but he was already hundreds of years. It is a complex of Eastern Orthodox monasteries largest and most important in Greece. Exactly, these monasteries are built on top of the mountain rocks Athos.

There are six monasteries in this complex. Exactly located in the Thessaly region, near sunagi Pineios, northwestern edge of Greece Tengah.Yang cuku interesting is the access to the monastery is very difficult. That said, once a convent used to achieve long response or some sort of mesh that is used to raise and lower goods, including humans. It takes the power of faith in order to reach this monastery.
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Largest fortress Most Magnificent.

The Potala Palace is located in the city of Lhasa, Tibet. Be named after Mount Potala, residence Chenresig or Avalokitesvara. The Potala Palace was the main residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala in India, after the attack and survive defeat in 1959. Now, the Potala Palace was changed functions by Chinese state into a museum.

Palace building measuring 400 meters east-to-west and 350 meters north-to-south, with sloping stone walls with a thickness of about 3-5 meters at the bottom were also mixed with copper to withstand earthquakes. The building has thirteen levels, has more than 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines and about 200,000 statues. Rising as high as 117 meters at the top of Marpo Ri, "Red Valley" (Red Hill), towering over 300 meters overall from the valley floor.

Mont Saint-Michel, Normandy, France.

Mont Saint-Michel is a rocky tidal island in Normandi, about one kilometer from the north coast of France at the mouth of Couesnon River near Avranches.

Predjama Castle, Slovenia.

Predjama palace (Slovenian: Predjamski grad or Predjama Grad, German: Höhlenburg Lueg, Italian: Castel Lueghi) is a Renaissance palace that was built at the mouth of the cave in Slovenia southwest. Slovenia, 11 kilometers from the town of Postojna. The palace was first mentioned in 1274 under the name of Germany, Luegg, when Patriarch Aquileiamembangun this castle with Gothic style. Predjama palace built into the cave that is difficult to enter the palace.

Neuschwanstein Castle, Germany.

Bavarian castle Neuschwanstein castle is the 19th century. The castle is located at the top of the mountains in Germany, near Hohenschwangau and Fussen in southwest Bavaria. The castle was built by Ludwig II of Bavaria.

Matsumoto Castle, Nagano, Japan.

Matsumoto Castle (松本 城 Matsumoto-jo) is located in the city of Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Known also as the "Crow Castle" (乌 城 Karasu-jo) because black exterior, is one of the main palace in Japanese history.

Hunyad Castle, Romania.

Hunyad palace (Romanian: Castelul Castelul Huniazilor or Corvineştilor, Hungary: Vajdahunyad vara) is a palace located in the Transylvanian Hunedoara, Romania. Until 1541, the palace is part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and later became part of the Principality of Transylvania. The palace is believed to be the place where Vlad III of Wallachia (known as Vlad the Impaler) was jailed for seven years.

Malbork Castle, Malbork, Poland.

Teutonic Knights Castle in Malbork is the castle with the largest area in the world. Built in Prussia by the Teutonic Knights, an order of Roman Catholic crusaders Germany. according to the shape of the castle Ordensburg. Order named it Marienburg (Mary's Castle), the city around it was also named Marienburg. Since 1945, when it became part of the nation of Poland after World War II, has called Malbork. Puri is a classic example of a medieval castle, and upon completion in 1406 a Gothic fortress walled World's Largest Brick. In December 1997, UNESCO set "Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork" and the museum is a World Heritage Site.

Pena National Palace, Sintra, Portugal.

Pena National Palace (Palacio Nacional da Pena) is a palace located in São Pedro de Penaferrim, Sintra, Portugal. The castle stands on a hilltop above the town of Sintra, and on a clear day can be seen from Lisbon, capital of Portugal. The palace is a national monument and is one of the major expressions of 19th century romanticism in the world. This castle is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the Seven Wonders of Portugal.

Prague Castle, Prague, Czech Republic.

Prague Castle (Czech: Prazsky hrad) is a castle in Prague where the Czech kings, Holy Roman Emperors, and the President of the Czech Republic (and Czechoslovakia) never use it as an office. Crown of the Kingdom of Bohemia is also here. Prague Castle is one of the biggest castles of the world (according to the Guinness Book of Records this castle is the World's Largest Ancient Castle) with a length of 570 m and an average width of 130 meters.

Leeds Castle (England).

Leeds Castle is regarded as the most romantic castles in England. Located in the south-east of England, or 8 kilometers southeast of Maidstone, Kent. The castle was built on two islands adjacent to the River Len.

Initially, Leeds Castle belonged to Saxon family who may be the beginning of the Ethelbert IV, 856-860 years.

The first fort was built the wooden fence that was converted into the wall, complete with two towers along the perimeter. However, the building is now gone.

Fortress built into a royal palace in 1278, when England led King Edward I and his Queen, Eleanor of Castile. Major repairs done, including the magnitude of the fort. Palace building then comprised of three parts, each of which has a door, bridges and portcullis itself,

The scenery around the castle is very beautiful. Len river clean, green grass, as well as artistically landscaped gardens create a romantic atmosphere. Currently, Leeds Castle is equipped with a golf course and lodging.
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Did You Know Life in Death Valley.

I

In 1848, gold was discovered near Sacramento, California, USA. In the next year, approximately 80,000 fortune seekers flooded the state in hopes of instant wealth. On December 25, 1849, a group, which is part of a convoy of 100 carts, departing from Salt Lake City to the west, into the area now known as Death Valley, or Valley of Death. They hope that the dry lowland near the California-Nevada border is a shortcut.

In it, the air in the valley is cool, but the terrain is dangerous. The group was split up into small groups, each taking a different route. One of the groups, including women and children, trying to find a way out of the valley through the mountains on the west, but to no avail. Due to exhaustion and depleted inventories, they camped at a spring near the site of what is now known as Furnace Creek and then moved on to a water hole later named Bennett's Well. From there, two 20-year-old boy, William Manly and John Rogers, went off to find help. Others remain.

Manly and Rogers hope to arrive in the city of Los Angeles in a few days. They do not know that the city is actually located 300 kilometers to the southwest. After nearly two weeks on foot, they arrived in the San Fernando Valley, in the northern part of the city. There, they get supplies and head out again.

On arrival at the campsite after 25 days away, they saw no signs of life. Manly opened fire, and a man came out from under the wagon. Later, Manly wrote, "He was waving his hands up and shout-'Anak children had gone home. The children had gone home! '"The others also appeared, as much touched so could not speak. Thanks to Manly and Rogers, all but one man survived-he left the camp and walked out of the valley alone. As this group of settlers left the valley, a woman reportedly looked back and said, 'Good-bye, Death Valley!' And that is the origin of the name.

Areas with extreme conditions.

Death Valley-the length is about 225 kilometers and a width of about 8 to 24 kilometers-is the driest, lowest, and hottest in North America. The air temperature at Furnace Creek ever recorded as high as 57 degrees Celsius, while the soil temperature reaches 94 degrees Celsius-6 degrees Celsius below the boiling point of water at sea level! *

The average rainfall there is less than five centimeters a year, and for several years there was no rain at all. The lowest point in the entire Western Hemisphere-86 meters below sea level-are in the valley near the saltwater pool at Badwater. Only 140 kilometers from this place there are high Mount Whitney-the highest point 4,418 meters in the United States outside of Alaska.

In 1850, a small amount of gold was discovered in the valley at Salt Spring. The gold seekers also found silver, copper, and lead in that area. Mining towns with diverse names, such as Bullfrog, Greenwater, Rhyolite, and Skidoo are springing up all over the valley. However, when depleted mineral ores mined, the cities are growing rapidly turned into a ghost town. However, in 1880, borax-a white crystalline compound used in the manufacture of soap and other products-are found in the Valley of Death, triggering the most successful mining period in the valley's history. Until 1888, the groups consisting of 18 donkeys and 2 ponytail painstakingly-cart pull cart of goods along the 5 meter charged borax as far as 270 kilometers to the town of Mojave. But, no delivery between June and September; The air temperature is too hot for humans and animals.

Death Valley designated as a national monument in 1933. Gradually, its boundaries expanded to cover an area of ​​1.3 million hectares. In 1994, the area became Death Valley National Park-the largest national park in the mainland United States.

Loaded with Life Death Valley.

Understandable if one thinks that there is no life in the Valley of Death. However, there are hundreds of species of animals that visit or live there, mostly active at night considering the hot daytime temperatures. The largest mammal is a sheep-desert-great-horned Nelson, who occasionally entered the valley of the adjacent mountains. Other creatures include badgers, bats, red links, coyote (a type of wild dogs), foxes-cat, rat-kangaroo, mountain lions, porcupines, rabbits, skunks, wild donkeys, lizards, snakes, and turtles desert. There are also birds such as mandar, FALKON, cangak birds, quail, big crow, Sandpipers beach, eagle-carcasses, and hundreds of other species.

The most resilient creatures is rat-kangaroo. They can survive without drinking a drop of water all his life! "All the water needed for survival are absorbed by their bodies from starch and fats in the dry seeds they eat," according to one reference work. And, their kidneys can create their urine up to five times more viscous than those produced by the human kidney. This little rat burrows during the day to avoid the heat of foraging at night.

More than a thousand kinds of plants grown in this valley. Shoshone people, the Indians who had inhabited the region more than a thousand years, looking for a local plant as a food and as a raw material for making tools. If you know what to look for, they say, you'll find lots of food in Death Valley.

When Desert Flower.

At times, the Valley of Death demonstrate the beauty of wild flowers. These flowers grow from the seeds of countless hidden in the soil-sometimes for decades-waiting for the combination of rainfall and air temperature appropriate to begin to sprout. "Could many years [when] we did not see the flowers," said Tim Croissant, botanist of the National Park Service.

However, during the winter of 2004/2005, Death Valley received the highest rainfall in history-more than three times the normal. The result is an abundance of more than 50 kinds of wildflowers, including larkspur, lilac, orchid, poppy plant, primrose, sunflower, and verbena. The valley was fragrant like a flower shop, said one visitor. Of course, the presence of these flowers invite bees and other insects. So when Death Valley overgrown with flowers, the valley was also filled with the hum of the flapping wings of innumerable small.

If you decide to visit this valley of extremes, be sure that you bring a vehicle tough and adequate water supply. And, if you visit coincided with the bees, do not forget to bring your camera. Family and friends at home will be amazed at the many types of life that thrives in Death Valley.
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Do You Know Gamma Rays.

Gamma rays definition.

Gamma rays (often denoted by the Greek letter gamma, γ) is an energetic form of electromagnetic radiation produced by radioactivity or nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron annihilation.
Gamma rays highest energy form of electromagnetic spectrum. They are often defined Startlingly of energy 10 keV / 2.42 EHZ / 124 pm, although the electromagnetic radiation of about 10 keV to several hundred keV could also point to hard X-rays. It is important to remember that there is no physical difference between gamma rays and X-rays of the same energy - they are two names for the same electromagnetic radiation, like sunlight and moonlight are two names for visible light. However, gamma distinguished with X-rays by their origin. Gamma rays is the term for high-energy electromagnetic radiation produced by energy transition due to the acceleration of electrons. Because some of the transitions of electrons allowed to have a higher energy than some of the nuclear transition, there is suppression between what we call low energy gamma rays and high energy X-rays.
Gamma rays are a form of ionizing radiation; they are more penetrating than alpha or beta radiation (both are not electromagnetic radiation), but less ionize.
Protection for γ rays requires a lot of mass. Materials used for the shield to be taken into account that the gamma rays are absorbed more by materials with high atomic number and high density. Also, the high-energy gamma rays, the thicker the shielding required. Materials to withstand gamma rays is usually illustrated by the thickness required to reduce the intensity of gamma ray half. For example, gamma rays that require 1 cm (0.4 inches) "leads" to reduce its intensity by 50% will reduce by half the intensity with concrete 6 cm (2.4 inches) or debut paketan 9 cm (3.6 inches).
Gamma rays from nuclear fallout is likely to cause the largest number of deaths in the use of nuclear weapons in a nuclear war. An effective fallout shelter reduces human involvement 1000 times.
Gamma rays are less ionizing the alpha or beta rays. However, reducing the danger to humans in need of protection are thicker. They produce damage similar to that caused by X-rays, such as burns, cancer and genetic mutations.
In the case of ionization, gamma radiation interacts with matter via three main processes: the photoelectric effect, Compton deployment, and production partner.

RadioActivity - Gamma Ray.

Gamma rays so special compared with the light / Other radioactive particles because she did not have the mass and charge. Gamma rays have the smallest wavelengths and energy than most other electromagnetic wave spectrum, (approximately 10 000 times greater than the wave energy in the visible spectrum).  In addition, gamma rays have the lowest ionization power, but the range of the most penetrating than beta and alpha rays,
Gamma rays arise from nuclei are unstable because the atom has an energy that does not comply with the conditions of essentially (groundstate). Gamma energy that appears between the radioisotope with another radioisotope is different - different because each radionuclide has specific emissions. Gamma rays can also be found in the universe, in which gamma rays walking across an extremely wide distances in the universe, which then in turn absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere.  Keep in mind, different wavelengths on the electromagnetic waves will penetrate the atmosphere at different depths.
Because the break is so high power, gamma rays can penetrate many types of materials, including human tissue. The material has a high density such as lead are often used as shielding to slow or stop the gamma photons radiating.
Gamma rays originally invented by a French physicist named Henri. At that time, in 1896, Henri discovered uranium minerals that turned out to blacken a photographic plate even though covered by a thick layer of opaque paper.
Before that, Rontgen had discovered X-rays and Becquerel saw that the light emitted by the uranium similar to X-rays, so he called the light "metallic phosphorescence."
To determine the depth of the gamma rays would need to know the kinds of interactions that occur gamma rays to the material,

1. Photoelectric effect
2. Compton effect
3. Production partner

Penetrating power of gamma photons have many applications in human life, because when the gamma rays penetrate some materials, gamma rays will not make it radioactive. So far there are three gamma emitting radionuclides most commonly used namely cobalt-60, cesium-137 and technetium-99m.
Cesium helpful -137 used in cancer treatments, measure and control the flow of fluid in several industrial processes, investigating subterranean strata in oil wells, and ensure proper charging levels to package food, drugs - drugs and other products.
Cobalt-60 is useful for: sterilization of medical equipment in hospitals, pasteurize some foods and spices, as a cancer therapy, measuring the thickness of the metal in stell mills.
While Tc-99m is a radioactive isotope that is most widely used for the study was diagnosed as a radiopharmaceutical. (Technetium-99m has a half shorter). Radiopharmaceuticals are used to diagnose brain, bone, liver, and is also able to produce images that can be used to diagnose the patient's bloodstream
Most humans are exposed to gamma naturally occurring in some specific radionuclides such as potassium-40 that can be found in soil and water, and also meat and foods that have high levels of potassium such as bananas. Radium is also a source of gamma radiation exposure. Still, however, the increased use of the nuclear medicine instrumentation (such as for the diagnosis of bone, thyroid, and lung scans) also contributed to the increase in the proportion of exposure to a lot of people.
Most exposures that occur in gamma rays are types of external exposure. Gamma rays (and also X-rays) as known before- easy to traverse great distances in the air and can penetrate body tissue up to several centimeters. Most of the gamma rays have sufficient energy to penetrate the human body, and expose all organs in the body.
So in the case of gamma rays, both external and internal exposure of major concern in radiation protection and safety. This is because the gamma rays capable of passing at a greater distance than alpha and beta particles and have enough energy to traverse the whole body, so the potential to expose all the organs of the body.
A large number of gamma radiation on a large scale capable of passing through the body without interacting with the network. This is because at the atomic level, the body composed mostly of empty space, while gamma rays have a smaller size of these spaces. In contrast to alpha and beta particles which when inside the body will release all the energy they have to plow the network and cause damage to the network.
Gamma rays can ionize tissue directly or causing the so-called "secondary ionizations." Ie ionization caused when the energy of the gamma rays are transferred to the atomic particles such as electrons (beta particles identical to) the then-energy particles will interact with the network to form ions , this is called secondary ionizations.

Application Of Gamma Ray.

Radiation technology using gamma rays or electron beam is a process most clean and reliable are the most widely used today to modify the polymer material. Applications for the synthesis of gamma rays biomaterial is one area that is growing very rapidly in recent decades. Some biomaterials which can be synthesized from the polymer with radiation techniques include hydrogel wound dressings, contact lenses, matrices for controlled drug release, artificial heart valves, and so forth.
Since a decade ago Group Material Health, Division of Radiation Process, Application Center Isotopes and Radiation Technology National Nuclear Energy Agency has been conducting research and development for a biomaterial products using gamma radiation techniques. One of the products developed are sterile hydrogel wound dressings radiation. Hydrogel wound dressing is made by irradiating a mixture of hydrophilic polymer based formula polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) using gamma rays at a dose between 25 to 35 kGy. PVP gamma ray irradiation to produce a hydrogel which is composed of a three-dimensional network structure, causing it to have different properties from the parent polymer. With the three-dimensional structure of the hydrogel has unique properties, namely: Having the ability to absorb large amounts of water; can not be penetrated by microbes from the outside; is elastic but strong enough so it is not easily torn; permeable to air, water vapor and gas molecules with low molecular weight low; has a very small pore size so as to prevent excessive loss of body fluids; not toxic, allergic; can adhere well to the skin and can adjust to the contours of the wound. Besides hydrogels produced simultaneously are sterile.

Radioactive rays Penetrating power.

Radioactive rays can be divided into three types namely alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays. Where three kinds of rays that have their own penetrating power itself. According to the intensity level of power breakdown radioactive rays are sorted from alpha rays as the rays that break the weakest power and then followed by beta break power stronger than the strongest is the alpha and gamma. The third way to counteract it is radioactive rays (alpha rays resisted by a sheet of paper, beta rays and maintained by aluminum sheets for gamma rays can be resisted with lead) and therefore that's the reason why the nuclear workers always wear anti-radiation heavy and made of lead where it was meant to anticipate attacks gamma radiation.
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Did you know Infrared.

Infrared is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than visible light, but shorter than radio wave radiation. The name means "below red" (from the Latin infra, "below"), red is the color of visible light with the longest waves. Infrared radiation has a range of three "orders" and has a wavelength between 700 nm and 1 mm. Infrared discovered accidentally by Sir William Herschell, an astronomer at the British empire when he was conducting research looking for an optical filter material that will be used to reduce the brightness of the image of the sun in the solar system telescope.

Characteristics.

Can not be seen by humans.
Can not penetrate opaque materials.
Can be caused by components that generate heat.
At infrared wavelengths have the opposite relationship or inversely proportional to temperature. When the temperature increases, the wavelength decreases.

The types of infrared wavelengths based.

Near-infrared range with a wavelength of 0.75 - 1.5 μm
Medium infrared range with a wavelength of 1:50 - 10 μm
Infrared remote with a wavelength of 10-100 μm

Infrared usefulness in life.

Health.

Activate the water molecules in the body.
This is because the infrared has the same vibration of water molecules. Thus, when the molecule is broken it will form a single molecule that can increase body fluids.

Improve microcirculation.

His vibrating water molecules and the effect will generate infrared heat that causes the capillaries to dilate, and increase skin temperature, improve blood circulation and reducing the pressure of the heart.

Increase metabolism.

If microcirculation in the body increases, toxins can be removed from our body through metabolism. This can reduce the burden on the liver and kidneys.

Ph develop in the body.

Infrared light can purify blood, improve skin texture and prevent arthritis because of high uric acid.

Infrared remote is widely used in medical devices.

Radiant heat in the form of infrared rays of the organs of the body can be used as information about the health condition of the organ. It is very useful for physicians in the diagnosis of the patient's condition so that he can make decisions appropriate action with the patient's condition. In addition, radiant heat in a certain intensity believed to be used for the process of healing diseases such as smallpox. Examples of the use of infrared is a trend today is for health bracelet. By utilizing infrared remote, the bracelet can be fought in the body cleansing and disinfection or bacteria.

The field of communications.

The existence of infrared sensor systems. The sensor system is basically using infrared as a medium of communication between two devices. Application of infrared sensor system is very useful as a remote control, security alarm and automation systems. The transmitter in this system consists of an infrared LED that has been equipped with a circuit which is able to generate data to be sent via infrared beams, while at the receiver usually are photo transistor, photodiode, or modulation infrared function to receive infrared light transmitted by the transmitter ,
Their invisibility camera that utilizes infrared rays. Infrared light indeed can not be captured by the naked human eye, but infrared light can be captured by a digital camera or video camcorders. The presence of a technology in the form iR filter PF is functioning as a successor to infrared light, the camera or video capabilities to be increased. This technology has also been applied to the camera phone

For imaging such views nightscoop

Infrared is used for short range communications, such as the TV remote. Infrared wavelengths it is easy to be made, the price is relatively cheap, can not penetrate walls or dark objects, as well as having a high power fluctuations and can be interference by sunlight.

As one of the standardization of wireless communication.

Infrared can be regarded as one of the connectivity in the form of a wireless device that is used to connect or transfer data from one device to another device. The use of infrared as we can see in mobile phones and laptops that have infrared applications. When we want to send the file to a mobile phone, then the infra must be confronted with infrared module on the PC. During the delivery process takes place, there must be no other objects that block. Infrared function on mobile phones and laptops run through technology IrDA (Infra Red Data Acquition). IrDA formed with the aim to develop a communication system via infrared.

Excess infrared in data transmission.

With infrared data transmission can be done anytime, because it does not require delivery of the infrared signal.
With infrared data transmission can be said to be easy because it includes a simple tool.
Sending data from mobile phones will not cost (free)

Weakness in infrared data transmission.

In the data transmission via infrared, infrared second hole must be facing one another. It is rather difficult for us to transfer data because of the way that is troublesome.
Infrared is very harmful to the eyes, so do not even infrared beam into the eyes
Infrared data transmission can be said to be slower compared with his Bluetooth.

Spatial field.

Infrared is emitted in the form of infrared light to an object, can produce infrared photograph. Photos infrared radiant heat which works on the basis of an object can be used to create a painting of the heat from an area or object. Results paintings depict the area where the heat can be hot and not. A painting of a building heat can be used to determine which part of the zone of the building which generate excessive heat that can do the necessary improvements.

Industrial Field.

Infrared lamp. An incandescent lamp with its filament temperature above ± 2500 ° K. this causes the infrared light it emits into more than a standard incandescent bulb. Infrared lamp is usually used to perform the heating process in the industry.
Infrared heating. Is a condition when the infrared energy strike an object with the power of the electromagnetic energy emitted above -273 ° C (0 ° K in absolute temperature). Infrared heating is widely used in devices such as, grills and light bulbs (90% heat - 10% light). Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/07/did-you-know-infrared.html
DatePublished: July 5, 2015 at 14:33

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X-rays And X-ray To Work.

A German physicist named Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was doing experiments with electron beams in a gas discharge tube. Suddenly she watched her luminous events a fluorescent screen hers who happened to be near the gas discharge tube when the electron beam is turned on. Under normal circumstances, events luminescence fluorescent screen was not something strange, considering that the fluorescent material is indeed material will fluoresce in response to an electromagnetic wave. However, the events experienced such Röntgen, he actually has covered the gas discharge tube with a fairly thick cardboard and are colored black. The assumption, with thick black cardboard eletromagnet radiation can not escape because it is blocked by a thick cardboard.

Röntgen tried putting various objects between the tube with a fluorescent screen. The result is still phosphorescent screen. The most surprising, Röntgen asked his wife to put his hand between the tube and the screen, and the result is a shadow silhouette of his bones, complete with a circular ring on the ring finger Ny. Röntgen. Such was the origin of the discovery of a type of light, which he called Röntgen X-ray, which has significance in the medical world.

X-ray, which was found accidentally, it is used to perform X-Ray photograph in the hospital. With the photo, the doctor can see the patient through flesh to inspect the broken or fractured bones, or objects that might be caught in the throat of the patient, with incredible ease.

What's that X-ray? How can he penetrate certain materials?

X-rays are essentially "brothers" with visible light. Ie light which cause we can see around us. They are part of the electromagnetic wave spectrum and we know that electromagnetic waves consist of packets of energy called photons. the difference between X-rays to visible light photon energy lies in arranging, and photon energy is related to the wavelength. X-ray photon energy larger than the energy of visible light photons. Because the photon energy is inversely proportional to its wavelength, it can be said that the wavelength of X-ray photons are shorter than the wavelength of visible light photons. Unfortunately we are only able to catch the eyes of a specific wavelength which incidentally is the wavelength of visible light is only possessed by so we were not able to see the X-rays.

Neither X-ray photons and photons of visible light, both produced by the movement of electrons in atoms. We know that electrons occupy certain energy levels, which we call orbitals, around the nucleus. If an electron falls into a lower energy level, then the electron must expend a certain amount of energy, and this energy is released in the form of photons. Regardless of the energy of photons depends on how deep the target orbit of the electron.

How excited atoms.

At the time of a photon impingement other atoms, atoms which pounded will absorb the photon energy is pounding and trigger an electron in an atom is to move to a higher orbit. One requirement that must be met for it, namely energy photons striking the atoms must be equal to the difference between the two orbits of electrons. Otherwise, the photons are not able to shift the atomic electrons.

The atoms of our body skin absorbs photons of visible light very well. The energy possessed by the photons of visible light is fit to the difference between the energy levels of the atoms making our skin. For other types of electromagnetic waves, such as radio wave energy possessed by its photons are insufficient to create a body of atomic electrons move to higher energy levels. That's why radio waves will penetrate almost any material. X-rays are also able to penetrate many materials (ingredients) but not because it has less energy, but because the energy possessed by its photons actually very large. Energy X-ray photons can even cause the atomic electrons ejected from the atom. Some of the energy of X-ray photons can separate the electron from the atom, and the rest causes the electrons to drift in the air. Larger atoms more easily absorb photons of X-rays, because larger atoms that has a difference of levels greater energy anyway. While atoms are smaller, the difference between the electron energy levels (orbits) smaller, more difficult to absorb the X-rays; which means more permeable X-rays.

Soft layer of our skin is composed of atoms that are small, so it can not absorb X-rays or X-rays pass on well. Calcium atoms which is a constituent atom of our bones have a much larger atoms so that the atoms absorb the X-rays so difficult to penetrate bone X-rays. To use X-rays to perform X-ray in the field of medicine, the necessary equipment emitting X-rays. How this X-ray emitter work?

How It Works X-ray machine.

The workings of the X-ray machine for X-ray.

The main part of the X-ray machine is a pair of electrodes, the cathode and anode, which is placed in a vacuum glass tube. The cathode is made from a filament that is heated, as is commonly found on older models of incandescent lamps. Electric current on X-ray machines transmitter is passed through the filament so that the filament gets hot. As a result, electrons emitted from the filament surface. Positively charged anode, made of tungsten flat circular, attract electrons to form an electron beam from the cathode to the anode in the tube.

Between the cathode and anode were given a very large potential difference, so that a beam of electrons to flow in a tube with a very high energy. When these high-energy electrons at the anode mashing tungsten atom, an electron which is at a relatively low orbit of the tungsten atoms will be thrown to leave the place. Another electrons are in higher orbit will soon fall to fill the empty places in the lower orbital electrons that had been abandoned. Because the electron falls from a higher orbital to a lower orbital, then the process will be released photons. in this event, the fall of electrons originating from the energy level is much higher, so that the resulting photon is also a photon with enough energy high, ie photons of X-rays.

Free electrons can also generate photons without mashing an atom. This happens because an atomic nucleus that attracts electrons that move freely will cause the moving electrons will experience a slowdown. Slowdown or reduction in speed occurs in a manner that fairly quickly. This speed change will cause a release of energy in the form of X-ray photons.

A very powerful collision of events in the process of formation of X-rays will generate heat. To avoid melting the anode as a result of this heat, the X-ray emitter machine there is a rotating anode motor. Thus, the electron beam is not always mashing the same part of the anode. In addition there is also oil in the engine coolant that absorbs the heat.

All around the X-ray device of this, fitted with a thick barrier of lead material. This is to keep the X-rays radiating out in all directions. To channel the X-ray beam produced, made a small hole in the barrier layer. Prior to this X-ray of the patient's body to be photographed, X-rays will pass through a number of filters (filter) according to the needs.

A camera on the other side of the patient will record the pattern of X-rays that pass through the patient's body. The X-ray camera using film technology similar to regular film cameras (not digital cameras). The difference is that chemical reactions on photographic film caused by X-rays instead of visible light rays as in a regular film camera.

Generally, doctors use X-ray directly results in the form of a film negative. You've seen the film negatives and how it works is not it? We used to call negative film with the terms photogravure. On the negative film, the part exposed to much light will appear darker compared with fewer parts exposed to light. Hard objects, such as bones, appear white on the film while the objects are softer, for example skin, will appear black or gray.

X-rays it dangerous for our bodies?

X-rays are an important tool in medicine since it allows a physician a patient without cutting it. It's much easier and safer to inspect a bone using X-rays rather than dissect the skin and flesh to examine the bones.

However, excessive X-rays will harm our body. X-ray radiation is one type of ionizing radiation, ie the radiation which can cause ionize atoms. If a normal light on the atom, the light can not change the subject atom significantly. Another case when X-rays on an atom. If the X-ray mashing an atom, the atom the electron can be ejected leaving atoms to form ions, which are electrically charged atoms. Electrons are thrown into free and can grind other atoms thus producing more ions again.

These electrically charged ions can produce unusual chemical reactions in the cell. Even can damage our DNA chain. cells undergoing DNA damage will die or mutate. The more DNA is dead, then the body will cause various kinds of diseases. If the DNA is mutated, cells can undergo cancerous, and this cancer can spread. So, although X-rays is very meaningful in the medical world, you should be careful not too often do Röntgen photo.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/06/x-rays-and-x-ray-to-work.
html
DatePublished: June 29, 2015 at 15:15

Tags : X-rays And X-ray To Work.

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