X-rays And X-ray To Work.

A German physicist named Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was doing experiments with electron beams in a gas discharge tube. Suddenly she watched her luminous events a fluorescent screen hers who happened to be near the gas discharge tube when the electron beam is turned on. Under normal circumstances, events luminescence fluorescent screen was not something strange, considering that the fluorescent material is indeed material will fluoresce in response to an electromagnetic wave. However, the events experienced such Röntgen, he actually has covered the gas discharge tube with a fairly thick cardboard and are colored black. The assumption, with thick black cardboard eletromagnet radiation can not escape because it is blocked by a thick cardboard.

Röntgen tried putting various objects between the tube with a fluorescent screen. The result is still phosphorescent screen. The most surprising, Röntgen asked his wife to put his hand between the tube and the screen, and the result is a shadow silhouette of his bones, complete with a circular ring on the ring finger Ny. Röntgen. Such was the origin of the discovery of a type of light, which he called Röntgen X-ray, which has significance in the medical world.

X-ray, which was found accidentally, it is used to perform X-Ray photograph in the hospital. With the photo, the doctor can see the patient through flesh to inspect the broken or fractured bones, or objects that might be caught in the throat of the patient, with incredible ease.

What's that X-ray? How can he penetrate certain materials?

X-rays are essentially "brothers" with visible light. Ie light which cause we can see around us. They are part of the electromagnetic wave spectrum and we know that electromagnetic waves consist of packets of energy called photons. the difference between X-rays to visible light photon energy lies in arranging, and photon energy is related to the wavelength. X-ray photon energy larger than the energy of visible light photons. Because the photon energy is inversely proportional to its wavelength, it can be said that the wavelength of X-ray photons are shorter than the wavelength of visible light photons. Unfortunately we are only able to catch the eyes of a specific wavelength which incidentally is the wavelength of visible light is only possessed by so we were not able to see the X-rays.

Neither X-ray photons and photons of visible light, both produced by the movement of electrons in atoms. We know that electrons occupy certain energy levels, which we call orbitals, around the nucleus. If an electron falls into a lower energy level, then the electron must expend a certain amount of energy, and this energy is released in the form of photons. Regardless of the energy of photons depends on how deep the target orbit of the electron.

How excited atoms.

At the time of a photon impingement other atoms, atoms which pounded will absorb the photon energy is pounding and trigger an electron in an atom is to move to a higher orbit. One requirement that must be met for it, namely energy photons striking the atoms must be equal to the difference between the two orbits of electrons. Otherwise, the photons are not able to shift the atomic electrons.

The atoms of our body skin absorbs photons of visible light very well. The energy possessed by the photons of visible light is fit to the difference between the energy levels of the atoms making our skin. For other types of electromagnetic waves, such as radio wave energy possessed by its photons are insufficient to create a body of atomic electrons move to higher energy levels. That's why radio waves will penetrate almost any material. X-rays are also able to penetrate many materials (ingredients) but not because it has less energy, but because the energy possessed by its photons actually very large. Energy X-ray photons can even cause the atomic electrons ejected from the atom. Some of the energy of X-ray photons can separate the electron from the atom, and the rest causes the electrons to drift in the air. Larger atoms more easily absorb photons of X-rays, because larger atoms that has a difference of levels greater energy anyway. While atoms are smaller, the difference between the electron energy levels (orbits) smaller, more difficult to absorb the X-rays; which means more permeable X-rays.

Soft layer of our skin is composed of atoms that are small, so it can not absorb X-rays or X-rays pass on well. Calcium atoms which is a constituent atom of our bones have a much larger atoms so that the atoms absorb the X-rays so difficult to penetrate bone X-rays. To use X-rays to perform X-ray in the field of medicine, the necessary equipment emitting X-rays. How this X-ray emitter work?

How It Works X-ray machine.

The workings of the X-ray machine for X-ray.

The main part of the X-ray machine is a pair of electrodes, the cathode and anode, which is placed in a vacuum glass tube. The cathode is made from a filament that is heated, as is commonly found on older models of incandescent lamps. Electric current on X-ray machines transmitter is passed through the filament so that the filament gets hot. As a result, electrons emitted from the filament surface. Positively charged anode, made of tungsten flat circular, attract electrons to form an electron beam from the cathode to the anode in the tube.

Between the cathode and anode were given a very large potential difference, so that a beam of electrons to flow in a tube with a very high energy. When these high-energy electrons at the anode mashing tungsten atom, an electron which is at a relatively low orbit of the tungsten atoms will be thrown to leave the place. Another electrons are in higher orbit will soon fall to fill the empty places in the lower orbital electrons that had been abandoned. Because the electron falls from a higher orbital to a lower orbital, then the process will be released photons. in this event, the fall of electrons originating from the energy level is much higher, so that the resulting photon is also a photon with enough energy high, ie photons of X-rays.

Free electrons can also generate photons without mashing an atom. This happens because an atomic nucleus that attracts electrons that move freely will cause the moving electrons will experience a slowdown. Slowdown or reduction in speed occurs in a manner that fairly quickly. This speed change will cause a release of energy in the form of X-ray photons.

A very powerful collision of events in the process of formation of X-rays will generate heat. To avoid melting the anode as a result of this heat, the X-ray emitter machine there is a rotating anode motor. Thus, the electron beam is not always mashing the same part of the anode. In addition there is also oil in the engine coolant that absorbs the heat.

All around the X-ray device of this, fitted with a thick barrier of lead material. This is to keep the X-rays radiating out in all directions. To channel the X-ray beam produced, made a small hole in the barrier layer. Prior to this X-ray of the patient's body to be photographed, X-rays will pass through a number of filters (filter) according to the needs.

A camera on the other side of the patient will record the pattern of X-rays that pass through the patient's body. The X-ray camera using film technology similar to regular film cameras (not digital cameras). The difference is that chemical reactions on photographic film caused by X-rays instead of visible light rays as in a regular film camera.

Generally, doctors use X-ray directly results in the form of a film negative. You've seen the film negatives and how it works is not it? We used to call negative film with the terms photogravure. On the negative film, the part exposed to much light will appear darker compared with fewer parts exposed to light. Hard objects, such as bones, appear white on the film while the objects are softer, for example skin, will appear black or gray.

X-rays it dangerous for our bodies?

X-rays are an important tool in medicine since it allows a physician a patient without cutting it. It's much easier and safer to inspect a bone using X-rays rather than dissect the skin and flesh to examine the bones.

However, excessive X-rays will harm our body. X-ray radiation is one type of ionizing radiation, ie the radiation which can cause ionize atoms. If a normal light on the atom, the light can not change the subject atom significantly. Another case when X-rays on an atom. If the X-ray mashing an atom, the atom the electron can be ejected leaving atoms to form ions, which are electrically charged atoms. Electrons are thrown into free and can grind other atoms thus producing more ions again.

These electrically charged ions can produce unusual chemical reactions in the cell. Even can damage our DNA chain. cells undergoing DNA damage will die or mutate. The more DNA is dead, then the body will cause various kinds of diseases. If the DNA is mutated, cells can undergo cancerous, and this cancer can spread. So, although X-rays is very meaningful in the medical world, you should be careful not too often do Röntgen photo.
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The discovery of X-ray history.

X-rays (or X-ray) was discovered by the Germans a physics professor who served in the University of Wurzburg, Bavaria, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen on 8 November 1895. Prof Fizik get this beam has an impressive ability to produce images on film in photography after penetrating wipes, clothing and metal.

Continue the study, Roentgen obtain crystalline barium salt platinosianida shines when in place adjacent to the cathode ray tube is closed. He also found that photographic plate covered placed adjacent to the cathode ray will be black. From here the conclusion can be made that X-rays can not be seen, moving in a straight line and has a high penetration power, which can penetrate opaque objects for ordinary light rays. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who was born on March 25, 1845 was the first discovered X-rays.

After that, Roentgen rays showed it came from the glass walls berpendaflour cathode ray light when exposed to it. To validate this discovery, he has run a quick experiment. In this experiment, he put one screen coated with barium platinosianida in the trajectory of X-rays. This screen will glow when exposed to X-rays. By putting his hand between the cathode-ray tube and the screen, the shadow of a hand with the bones in it clearly visible in this screen. It may prove that X-rays coming out of the cathode ray tube has a high penetration power.

In medicine, x-rays can be used to view the condition of the bones, teeth and other organs without surgery directly on the patient's body.
Usually, ordinary people refer to as' 'X-rays'. Useful addition, x-rays have the effect / impact is very harmful to our bodies which if used in excess it can lead to dangerous diseases, such as cancer. Therefore, the doctors do not recommend overuse '' X-rays '' excessive.

LOSSES SINAR X

After the X-ray shows the results of the photo shoot with X-rays of the hand of his wife who wears a ring, where the image is clearly visible vertebrae of her fingers, then people begin to realize the great benefits that can be gained from the discovery of ionizing radiation earlier. Utilization of ionizing radiation in medicine, especially X-rays, growing rapidly while after the discovery of the radiation. Mastery of knowledge about ionizing radiation by human beings continue to increase over time also allows the radiation exploited in various fields of activities outside of medicine, in addition to its use in the field of medicine itself is also constantly increasing.

Some adverse effects that arise in the human body because terpapari X-rays and gamma immediately observed some time after the discovery of two types of radiation. The adverse effects such as hair loss and skin damage. In 1897 in the United States reported 69 cases of skin damage caused by X-rays, while in 1902 the numbers increased to 170 cases reported. In 1911 in Germany also reported 94 cases of tumors caused by X-rays. Although some of the adverse effects of X-rays and gamma has been observed, but the protection against the dangers of radiation X-rays and gamma is not unthinkable. Marie Curie, the discoverer of the radioactive material Po and Ra died in 1934 due stricken by leukemia. The disease is likely due to radiation exposure because he often associated with radioactive materials.

USE LIGHT X

Treatment.

Soft X-rays are used to take still images, known as radiographs. X-rays may penetrate the human body but is absorbed by a portion which is more dense as bone. X-ray images are used for the detection of bone defects, the detection of broken bones and investigate the state of the organs in the body.
Hard X-rays are used to destroy cancer cells. This method is known as radiotherapy

Industry.

In the industrial sector, X-rays may be used to, the detection of disability in the target structures or the parts inside the machine and engine.
investigate fractures in metal pipes, concrete walls and high pressure steamer. check for cracks in the plastic structure and sap.

Investigation

X-rays are used for probing crystal structure and the separation distance between atoms in a crystal material.
Investigate fractures in metal pipes, concrete walls and high pressure steamer. Checking cracks in the plastic structure and sap.
X-rays are used for probing crystal structure and the separation distance between atoms in a crystal material.

X-rays impression

Although X-rays are very useful to humans, but excessive exposure to X-rays may cause, destruction of cells in the body.
Changes in the genetic structure of a cell.
Severe cancer illness.
Bad impressions such as hair loss, skin becomes red and ulcerous.

The properties of the X-ray

X-rays can be obtained rather than a type of electronic device called tiub x-ray. Rather than study scientists have found X-ray certain properties that can be allotted to the usual properties and characteristics.

a) General properties

X-rays moving pace and straight.
Should not be focused by lenses or mirrors and may not be dipesong by the magnetic field around the direction heading path.
Abide by the rules 'Legal Counsel Two Songsang' ie ray observations changed by the power of two Songsang distance than the stem jets.

b) The nature of the typical

Efforts to penetrate solid objects.
Impression glow - giving the impression of light to chemical compounds such as zinc sulfide, calcium tungstate and barium platinosiamida.
Photographic impression - giving blackening to be exposed to the film when the X-rays.

Ionizing impression - the flow of X-rays that pass through the gas transfer energy to the molecules so be broken to the positively charged particles and negatively. Biology impression - X-rays act with all these living tissue contained in the body.

Types of another wave

Examples of various wavelengths of electromagnetic rays is as follows: -

· Radio waves 1cm - 3 x 105 cm
· The light beam - 4 x 10-5 cm - 7 x 10-5 cm
· Ultraviolet rays - 10-5 cm - 7 x 10-5 cm
· X-rays - 10-7 -10-9 cm cm
· Gamma rays - 10-9 cm
· Cosmic rays - <10-10 cm
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Various Genital Diseases.

Already know various kinds of venereal disease? If not, the following information may be useful to identify various venereal diseases, sexually transmitted diseases and healing.
Venereal disease is a type of disease caused by germs that are transmitted through oral sex as well as through relationships between the sexes. Therefore, to avoid venereal disease is advised not to have sex arbitrary and not blindly. Faithful to pair or use safety devices such as condoms are alternatives.
Most of the venereal disease so far has found a cure, but the disease Aids is not only transmitted through sexual intercourse but mostly transmitted through needles.

Some venereal diseases along with the bacteria that causes it and a glimpse of the way of prevention and treatment, which in said Dr. Taylor of Health Awareness Connection (HAC), Broklyn USA :

Gonorrhea and Chlamydia

Caused by bacteria. The infection starts a few days to several weeks after sexual intercourse with an infected person's genitals;
In men, genital diseases cause discharge of male genitalia. Urination can be a pain. These symptoms can feel heavy or not felt at all;
Symptoms of gonorrhea in women is usually very mild or not felt at all, but if untreated venereal disease can be severe and cause infertility;
Venereal disease can be cured with antibiotics if treated early.

HERPES

Caused by a virus, can be treated but not curable;
Symptoms appear between 3 to 10 days after having sex with this venereal disease;
The initial symptoms appear as blisters which then opens into the small hole and watery;
Within 5 to 10 days the symptoms disappear;
The virus can persist in the body and reappear something current, and sometimes frequently;
Women often do not realize that he was suffering from herpes because of blisters occur in the vagina.

INFECTION MUSHROOMS

Caused by the fungus;
Causing red irritation under the skin of a man who is not circumcised;
In women going beyond the thick white fluid that causes itching;
Can be treated with antifungal creams.

Syphilis

Caused by bacteria. Lesions appear between 3 weeks to 3 months after having sex with this venereal disease;
The wound looks like a hole in the skin with a higher edge. In general, do not hurt;
The wound will disappear after a few weeks, but the virus will persist in the body and venereal disease can appear in the form of blisters on the whole body bruises will disappear as well, and the virus will attack other body parts;
Syphilis can be cured at any stage by penicillin;
In women lesions can be hidden in the vagina.

VAGINISTIS

Infection of the vagina that usually causes vaginal discharge that smells and cause discomfort;
Caused by various types of bacteria (bacteria gonorrhea, chlamydia) or a fungus;
Also can be caused by various bacteria are not harmful indeed settle in the vagina;
Can be investigated by examining the vaginal fluid under a microscope;
In general can be cured with the right medication in accordance with the cause.

Ulcers on the genitals

Caused by a virus (Human Papilloma Virus or HPV);
Appears in the form of one or more sores or bumps between a month to a year after having sex with the venereal disease;
In general, can not be seen in women because it is located inside the vagina, or in men because it is too small. Can be tested with a layer of vinegar;
Can be serious in women because it can cause cervical cancer;
Genital ulcers can be cured, she must run a pap smear every time changed intimate partner.

BUG SEX

Very small (less than or equal to 1/8 inch), brownish-gray colored, settled on pubic hair;
Can be treated with a liquid medicine that is rubbed on the pubic hair.

TICKS UNDER SKIN

Similar to genital lice, but smaller in size and settled under the skin;
Causing minor injuries and itching all over the body;
Treated with a liquid medicine that is rubbed into the whole body;
Clothing, bed linens and towels must be washed after treatment, because lice can live on fabrics stretcher.

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) / HIV DISEASE

Venereal disease as a result of the most serious intimate relationships, causing no operation of the immune system;
There are no real symptoms without blood research;
Can cause death after ten years after infection with HIV, but treatment (not cure in total) have been found;
Spread through sexual intercourse and sharing needles simultaneously.
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Not made of reactive materials.

Chapter I

Preliminary.

Knowledge required suturing wounds in surgery because the surgery makes cuts and sutures aiming to reunite the severed tissue and improve the process of grafting and tissue healing and also prevents open wound that will result in the entry of microorganisms / infection.

Suturing material quality is covering certain conditions. The first is the convenience to be used or to be held. Then sufficient protection on each appliance. Should always sterile. Fairly elastic. Not made of reactive materials. Enough power to wound healing. The ability for biodegradation of chemicals to prevent the destruction of foreign bodies.

Chapter II

Suture material.

The use of tools and material quality tailoring is covering certain conditions. The first is the convenience to be used or to be held. Then sufficient protection on each appliance. Should always sterile. Fairly elastic. Not made of reactive materials. Enough power to wound healing. The ability for biodegradation of chemicals to prevent the destruction of foreign bodies.

II.a. Instruments.

1. Needle holder.

Another name or nald voeder needle holder.
Kind used varies, the type of wood Crille (shaped like a clamp) and the type of Mathew Kusten (triangular shape). To this the suturing needle holder as the holder of a sewing needle and thread as concluding.

                                                  Type of wood Crille

                                                   Mathew types Kusten

                                                       Needle Holder

2. Cut.

* Scissors Yarn.

There are two kinds of scissors thread scissors yarn is crooked and straight usefulness for thread cutting operation, smoothed the wound. Provision of each of the pieces.

* Cut out dissection.

Scissors, there are two types, namely straight and crooked. Usually tapered edges. There are two frequently used, the type and the type of Metzenbaum Mayo. The usefulness of this scissors is to open up the network, freeing small tumor from the surrounding tissue, to esksplorasi and smoothing the wound.

dissecting scissors

* Scissors bandages / dressings.

Usefulness is to cut bandages and plasters.

3. Knife Surgery.

      Consisting of two parts, namely the handle and the blade (mess / bistouri / blade). In the old model scalpels, blades and handles together, so that when the blades should be sharpened blunt back. In the new model, the blades can be replaced. Usually the blade is only to be disposable.

      There are two numbers handle of a knife that is often used, namely handles number 4 (for large blade) and the handle number 3 (for a small blade). This is in order scalpel to cut various organs / parts of the body. Blade adapted to the body part to be slashed.

                     

Knife Surgery.

Knife Surgery.

4. Clamp (Clamp).

* Clamps pean artery.

There are two types, namely straight and crooked. Its purpose is to hemostasis especially for thin and soft tissue.

* Clamps Kocher.

There are two types of clamps are straight and crooked. Not intended for hemostasis. Distinctive trait is to have teeth on the edges (like teeth on sirurgis tweezers). The point is to clamp the tissue, especially in order not to miss the tissue clamp, and this is made possible by the teeth on the tip of the clamp.

* Clamps Mosquito.

Similar to clamp the artery pean, but size, smaller. Its use is for hemostasis, especially for thin and soft tissue.

* Clamps Allis.

Its use is for soft tissue clamping and clamping a small tumor.

* Clamp Babcock.

Its use is to clamp tumor rather large and fragile.

* Towel clamp (clamp Doek).

Its use is to clamp doek / fabric operation.

5. Retractors (Wound Hook).

* Retractors langenbeck.

Its use is unfold the wound.

* US army double ended retractor.

Its use to uncover the wound.

* Retractors Volkman.

Its use is to uncover the wound. The use of adjusted to the width of the wound retractor. Nothing has two gears, 3 gear and 4 gear. 2 gears for small wounds, 4 gear for large wounds. There is also a blunt-toothed retractor.

6. Needle.

      Many kinds. For sewing leather used which have a triangular for easy slicing the skin (scherpe nald). Is being used to sew the muscles which have a round (round nald). There are semicircular and there is also a form of a quarter circle.

      Its use is to stitch the wound and sew other damaged organs. Provision of customized needs.

7. Tweezers

    - Tweezers sirurgis.

Its use is to clamp tissue during the dissection and suturing wounds, members of marks on the skin before the start of the incision.

   - Tweezers anatomical.

Its use is to pinch the screen while pressing the wound, pinning thin and soft tissue.

8. Yarn.

* Seide / silk.

Made of silk fibers, fibers composed of 70% protein and 30% additional material such as adhesive. It was black and white. Silk is not as slick as usual because it was combined with an adhesive. Is not absorbed by the body. On the use of on the outside, the thread should be reopened.

Available in various sizes, ranging from the number 00000 (5 zeros is the smallest size for the surgery department) to number 3 (which is the largest size). The most commonly used is the number 00 (2 zero) and 0 (1 zero) and the number one. The greater the smaller its many zeros thread

Its purpose is to sew leather, tying the arteries (especially the large arteries), as teugel (control).

Yarn must be sterile, because if not will be a nest of germs (focal infections), since the bacteria are protected in the stitching thread, while the thread itself can not be absorbed by the body.

* Plain catgut.

Originally he is cat (cat) and the gut (intestine). The first thread is made from the intestines of cats, but this time made from the intestines of sheep or cow intestines. Can be absorbed by the body, the absorption takes place within 7-10 days, and the color is white and yellowish.

Available in various sizes, ranging from 00000 (5 zeros which is the smallest size) to number 3 (the largest size). Frequently used numbers 000 (3 zeros), 00 (2 zero), 0 (1 zero), the number 1 and number 2.

Its purpose is to bind small source of bleeding, sewing subcutaneous and can also be used to sew up loose skin, especially for the area (abdomen, face) that is not a lot of moving and extensive small wound.

Plain catgut should be knotted at least 3 times, because the body will expand, if concluded two times will be open again. Plain catgut should not be submerged in lisol because it will expand and become soft, making it unusable.

* Chromic catgut.

In contrast to plain catgut, before the spun yarn is added chrome. With the chrome, then the thread will be harder and stronger, and longer absorption, ie 20-40 days. The color is brown and bluish. This yarn is available in sizes 000 (3 zeros is the smallest size) to number 3.

Its use in suturing wounds that are considered not docked within ten days, to sew the tendon in patients who are not cooperative and when mobilization should be done immediately.

* Nylon. (Dafilon, monosof, dermalonEthilon).

A synthetic yarn in packaging atraumatis (direct yarn together with a sewing needle) and made of nylon, strong leboh of seide or catgut. Is not absorbed by the body, and does not cause irritation to the skin or other body tissue.

The color is dark blue. Available in sizes 10 to one zero zero. Penggunanan on plastic surgery, larger size commonly used skin, a small number used in eye surgery.

* Ethibond.

A synthetic yarn (made from polytetra methylene adipate). Available in packs atraumatis. Gentle, strong, body reaction to a minimum, it is not absorbed, and the colors green and white. The size of 7 zero to number 2. Its use in cardiovascular surgery and urology.

* Vitalene / prolene / surgilen.

A synthetic yarn (made from polymer profilen). Very strong and soft, are not absorbed, blue. Available in packs atraumatis. The size of the 10 zero to number 1. Used in microsurgery, particularly for heart and blood vessels, eye surgery, plastic surgery, is also suitable for sewing leather.

* Poly glicolic As Polisorb, Dexon, Vicryl.

A synthetic yarn in packaging atraumatis. Absorbed by the body, and does not cause a reaction in the body tissues. In subcutaneous last for three weeks, the muscle last for 3 months. This yarn is very soft and the color purple.

The size of the 10 zero to number 1. Usage on eye surgery, orthopedics, urology and plastic surgery.

* Supramid.

A synthetic yarn, in packaging atraumatis. Is strong, soft, flexible, minimum body reaction and not absorbed. It was black and white. Used to sew cutis and subcutaneous.

* Linen (catoon).

Made with natural cotton fiber by way of spinning. Gentle, strong enough and easily knotted, not absorbed, the body's reaction to a minimum, are white.

Available in 4 sizes zero to one zero. Used to sew the intestine and skin, especially facial skin.

* Steel wire.

A metallic thread made of stainless steel polifilamen. Very strong, non-corrosive, and reaction to the minimum body. Easily knotted. Metallic white color. Contained in packaging and packaging atraumatis usual. The size of 6 zero to number 2. To sew the tendon.

Chapter III.

Suture technique.

III.1. GOAL

Basic stitches are making adequate pressure on the wound closed without distance but also loose enough to avoid ischemia and necrosis. Stitches can also aim to take care of hemostasis or bleeding that occurs. Can be for first aid measures. Reduce post-operative pain. Stitching is also the maker of the bond restrictions on the network until healed and no longer needed. Stitches can also prevent bone that may be exposed to healing old wounds and resorption that is not necessary. It is also necessary in action flap.

III.2. Suture principle.

Full knot should be tight, and strong so it will not be separated. To avoid bacterial infection, the knot is placed on the incision line. Knot should be made small. Do not tie too tight to avoid damaging the threads. Do not do a lot of movement that would damage the stitches. Avoid damaging the material hecting by pinning using needle holder except when going binding. Do not be too strong feared necrosis. Traction should be adequate.

III. 3. TYPES stitches.

Interrupted sutures.

Most used because it is simple and easy. Each stitch knotted itself. Can be carried on the skin or other body parts, and is suitable for areas that many moves because each stitch mutually supporting one another.

Interrupted sutures (interupted suture), each node stands alone. In cosmetics coarse yarn / large or tense when menyimpulnya will give the former is less good, that bleak picture of a centipede.

Stitches single node.

Synonyms: Disconnected Stitches Simple, Simple Inerrupted Suture. Is a frequently used type of stitch. Also used for stitching the situation.

Technique :

** Do needling with the distance between half to 1 cm edge of the wound and tissue subkutannya simultaneously take all the needle is perpendicular to the direction of the line or injuries.

** Single Node done with absorbable thread to the distance between 1cm.

** Node in place on the edge of the wound on one of the puncture.

** The thread is cut approximately 1 cm.

Stitch mattress Horizontal

Synonyms: Horizontal Mattress suture, Interrupted mattress
Stitches by stabbing like a knot, before knotted followed by stabbing aligned as far as 1 cm from the first stitch.
Gives a strong seam.

Vertical Stitch Mattress.

Synonyms: Vertical Mattress suture, Donati, Near to near and far to far.
Sew seams with depth below the wound was followed by sewing the edges of the wound. Usually produces rapid wound healing because in dekatkannya edges of the wound by stitching it.

Stitch Matras Modifications

Synonyms: Half Buried Mattress Suture
Modification of horizontal mattress stitch the wound area but across the region subkutannya.

Continuous stitching.

Often called doorloven. Knot only on the ends of the seams, so there are only two nodes. Let one of these stitches will open it fully open. This suture is rarely used to sew leather. In cosmetic scar as the interrupted sutures. Continuous sutures can be done faster than interrupted sutures.

Stitch baste simple.

Synonyms: Simple running suture, Simple continuous, continuous over and over
This seam is very simple, the same as we baste shirt. Usually produces good cosmetic results, its use is not recommended in loose connective tissue.

Stitch baste Feston.

Synonyms: Running locked suture, suture Interlocking
Continuous stitching with thread linking the previous stitch, used often used in stitching the peritoneum. Is a variation of the usual running suture.

Stitch baste horizontal.

Synonyms: Horizontal Running suture
Interspersed with a continuous seam stitching horizontal direction.
  

Stitches intradermal.

      Memeberikan most excellent cosmetic results (only a single line only). Can not be used for areas that many moves. Most good for the face. There are various modifications of this intradermal stitches. It takes a lot of practice to memahirkan this way intradermal suturing.

Stitches intrakutan knot.

Synonyms: Subcutaneus interupted suture, Buried intradermal suture, Interrupted dermal stitch.
Suture knot on intrakutan area, usually used to sew area in the later sewn on the outside as well with a simple knot.

Stitches baste intrakutan.

Synonyms: Running subcuticular suture, Suture baste subcuticular
Baste stitches were done under the skin, stitching is known to produce good cosmetic

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION.

Suture material

Berkualiatas suturing material is covering certain conditions. The first is the convenience to be used or to be held. Then sufficient protection on each appliance. Should always sterile. Fairly elastic. Not made of reactive materials. Enough power to wound healing. The ability for biodegradation of chemicals to prevent the destruction of the object or suturing wounds need some good preparation tools, materials and some other equipment. The sequence technique should also be understood by the operator and his assistant.

Tools needed:
-- Naald Voeder (Needle Holder) or the needle holder is usually the fruit.
-- Surgical tweezers Tweezers Chirrurgis or one fruit
-- Cut a piece of yarn.
-- sewing needle, depending on the size of just two pieces only.

Materials needed:
- seide sewing thread or silk
- Sewing Thread Cat gut chromic and plain.

Etc:
* Doek sterile hole
* sterile gauze
* sterile Handscoon

Surgery techniques.
Sequence wound suturing techniques (suture techniques)
1. Preparation tools and materials
2. Preparation of assistant and operator
3. Disinfection of the operating field
4. Anesthesia operating field
5. debridement and excision of the wound edges
6. suturing wounds
7. wound care

Various kinds of stitches:
1. Single Node Stitches
2. Stitch mattress Horizontal
3. Vertical Stitch Mattress
4. Stitch Matras Modifications
5. Stitch baste sederhan
6. Stitches baste Feston
7. Stitch baste horizontal
8. Stitch Node intrakutan
9. Stitch baste intrakutan.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: June 27, 2015 at 15:51

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Jaw surgery to look beautiful.

The South Korean plastic surgery has not taboo. Many people in South Korea are not only women but also men perform jaw surgery. Many people who do jaw surgery in order to look beautiful and to have a cute face. As to whether the jaw surgery and is there a danger that caused because of this procedure?

Lower jaw surgery.

Jaw surgery or jawline surgery done rife in South Korea. To get the V shape of the chin and looks tiny, people are willing to cut his jaw regardless of the effects that will result from such measures. The plastic surgeon says concerned about this emerging trend. The number of patients who come in beauty clinic asking for jaw surgery when the effect of cutting the jaw is very dangerous, ranging from nerve damage, difficulty in chewing food, until there is paralysis of the facial muscles due to the cutting jaws.

Forward Lower jaw surgery.

Jaw surgery is very attractive to many people. Improve the shape of the jaw and smoothed to look more cute and beautiful. As is the case with one of the Indonesian artist who is also rumored to perform surgery on her jaw, which is now widely circulated rumor is one of those jaw surgery. The operation makes the artist has a V shape face and looked very cute. But before you decide to do this jaw surgery, should you need to know if you are intending to do so, the previous first identify the side effects, you also need to consult with a plastic surgeon.

Shrink jaw surgery is a type of surgery that is quite large and dangerous because in the implementation of this operation using general anesthesia so the patient sedated in total. This operation also takes a long time is approximately 4 hours. The procedure in this operation a box-shaped lower jaw to be cut then connected again with the special pin. It would be very painful. In this operation will be performed incisions in the oral cavity so that the incision is not visible from the outside. For the sake of a beauty many people are willing to endure the pain and dangers that lurk plastic surgery service users. The man who runs the jaw surgery will feel difficulty while chewing food until several months after the operation cuts the jaw.

Operating costs jaw in Indonesia.

A plastic surgeon in Jakarta, Dr. Budiman, SpBP said that in jaw surgery requires high precision, using anesthetists and anesthesia machine tools used were special. It is of course made this jaw surgery procedures become quite expensive. To get V jaw line this tiny patients had to spend around 30-35 million dollars. Figures are pretty fantastic for a beauty procedure, but it will be paid off by encouraging results.

However, it should also be known, in addition to making a person to be beautiful, it turns out plastic surgery can make users become scary because changes like a monster. Some people who have failed in plastic surgery certainly a very sad experience. Some people who failed plastic surgery became very scary.
After knowing a little about the side effects of jaw reduction surgery, there are still want to do? If there is among you who wish to perform plastic surgery should not only be tempted by low prices offered by some of the beauty clinic, identify and verify the clinic already get a license in plastic surgery.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/06/jaw-surgery-to-look-beautiful.html
DatePublished: June 27, 2015 at 13:12

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Beautiful woman in different sizes.

In modern times it is quite a lot of alternatives to be beautiful as you want. Beautiful on a woman's size is different, but the prevailing stereotype that today is a tiny face, pointed chin, big beautiful eyes and a prominent nose. Unfortunately, not all people are born with physical perfection like this so many ways done in order to meet the criteria gorgeous today. If you are one of those people who have a problem with your appearance, especially the shape of the nose that is less than ideal, you can try how sharp nose without surgery is the method of growing the yarn.

Methods for sharp nose that is currently booming done even by celebrities is the latest technique, the technique of planting combination with threads and filler injections. The first thread will be inserted into the nose and filler used as a complement result. Yarn used in this slaughter technique is the thread that PDO will be absorbed in the body within 8 months.

This thread is actually long ago been used for caesarean section, cardiac surgery, bone and ligament surgery. While the hyaluronic acid filler or scientifically called hyaluronic acid is a material which can form a collagen that is already contained in our body. The time required to carry out this method is not long, only about 15 minutes to half an hour.

You also do not need a general anesthetic during the process of "formation" of the nose so that they can give advice about the shape you want. Once the process is complete you can go straight to work as usual. Although the effect of this method is only temporary, more or less for 1 year, but more and more people are meminatinya because it feels safer than rhinoplasty or cosmetic surgery. Plastic surgery has a sharp nose to nose risk would seem less natural because the implant should be viewed limit the flexibility of the skin. This should really be a consideration.

Another alternative sharp nose without surgery.

In addition to adopting the sharp nose without surgery as described above, you could also use other means, namely by means of a nose clamp. Tools that are sold on the online shop is efficacious for sharp nose safely. Practising shading techniques to create the illusion that look more aquiline nose can also be an option for you. Has a lot of video tutorials on this shading technique on the internet. Whichever option you should specify wisely and try to not to harm your health. Choose a legal clinics that you receive treatment from medical personnel who are competent in their fields.

Nose Surgery process.

Rhinoplasty. Plastic surgery on the nose or commonly known as nose job is one type of plastic surgery that aims to improve beentuk nose, for example mengecilakn nose is too wide and add sharp pug nose.

Rhinoplasty is a type of plastic surgery on the nose. Rhinoplasty is one of the measures aimed at enhancing facial harmony by improving the proportion of the nose. So we get a more elegant look and proportionate.

Rhinoplasty surgery can change the size of the nose that is in accordance with the shape of the face, fix the position and size of the lobes or nostrils, improve the look of a slightly snub nose so that it can be sharp, fix the tip of the nose is wide, the hole a little bigger, a little look up, or crooked nose tip shape and improve the shape of the nose that are not symmetrical.

In surgery, rhinoplasty can be divided into two: the open rhinoplasty where there is little syatan along the base of the nose and closed rhinoplasty where incisions can be hidden out of sight from the outside. In plastic surgery of the nose, action to create beauty shape of the nose by separating the nasal skin and soft tissue of the nasal cartilage. Then fix the shape of the nose, sewing the incision and replace the nose piece part in the capture and in pieces.

As with the non-surgical rhinoplasty procedure, in this method the doctor will repair and modify the flaws in the nose with a combination of techniques. What is meant by a combination of techniques are physicians using threads and filler injections combined with actions on the network sub cutan nose. This method is done by inserting the thread into the nose and combined with a filler to enhance the results.

Yarn used in this method is thread khusu not all jeniis benag can be used. Yarn used that is thread PDO. The thread is a thread that is often used in cardiac surgery and bone ligaments. This yarn has the same properties as the type of yarn used for caesarean section is an absorbable yarn or thread that can absorb body. This thread will be completely absorbed in the body within a period of approximately 8 months.

Filler itself is a method to improve the shape of the nose or other body parts, for example the lips, chin without surgery through the process and implant. Filler material itself contains hyaluronate (hyaluronic acid), the material is collagen-forming material that is already naturally present in the human body. But we as a prospective customer should also be observant, because there are several types of drugs injected a solution of liquid silicone or paraffin that is harmful to the body.

To get the shape of the nose that is proportional to the method rhinoplasty plastic surgery service users should prepare a cash about 9 million to 21 million dollars. Cost of it depends on which part was going to do surgery. Actions for rhinoplasty among others, reduce or increase the size of the nose, change the line at the tip of the nose, narrow the nostrils dilated and also change the angle between the nose to the lips. In addition, to straighten the nasal cartilage which becomes a barrier between the nostrils. However, this action should be extra careful because it can occur cracks in the cartilage and can also clog the airway.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/06/beautiful-woman-in-different-sizes.html
DatePublished: June 21, 2015 at 16:03

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Did you know Suture Materials.

Definition.

Suture materials are all materials used for ligating or tissue approximation and hold it until the tissue healing.
Since 2000 BC, the use of threads of fur has been done to stitch the wound. Along with the times, materials for surgical sutures evolving and varies from silk, linen, cotton, tendons or intestines of animals, even now there has been used material from stainless metal thread.

Classification.

Thread for suturing wounds can be divided on several criteria, namely :

Absorption (absorbable or non-absorbable)
Originally Materials (nature or synthetic)
Origin fiber (monofilament or polyfilament)
Coating (coated or uncoated)

1. Absorption.

Yarn absorbed in limited time in the body. The length is in the body can be adapted to organ sewn by selecting the appropriate type of yarn. Wherever possible threads do not disintegrate before the relevant organ really tight and strong enough. For example, the fascia must be sewn with thread a long time absorption, due to fascia healing takes a long time (up to several months). With some reason, sometimes even used thread to sew fascia is not absorbed. Thread is not absorbed will be lifelong. These threads are used for example in connection with dacron graft blood vessels, where blood vessels are living organ would have no connection with the graft which is an inanimate object. Here stitching with thread serves to maintain the unification was absorbed earlier. It should be remembered that the stitches here is a foreign object or less will result in a reaction of the body's tissues. Therefore, for the purpose of minimizing the reaction, use inert material and provide minimal reaction.
Plain and chromic catgut and collagen is absorbed yarns example, being polyamide (nylon) and silk (silk, zyde) is an example of the thread is not absorbed. Advantages of unabsorbed thread is able to provide permanent support will never run out but leaving foreign objects in the body.

2. Origin of Material.

Natural yarns derived from natural materials, such as hair, fur, cotton, linen and catgut. These threads have been used since time immemorial, easily available and relatively inexpensive.
Synthetic yarns are more expensive, but has many advantages in terms of absorption is predictable and generally has been adapted to the organ to be sutured. Examples of synthetic yarns, polyglycolic acid, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, polyglactin, polydioxanone, polyglyconate, polynylidene, polybutylester and stainless steel. These threads are generally sold in packs and special dosage forms.

3. Fiber Yarn.

Single fiber yarns are generally more flexible but the knot strength (knotting security) is usually smaller, so the easy-open seam knot. The advantage is the stitches (stitching mark) fine. While much better fiber yarn knot strength, because the braided fiber yarn making more abrasive and biting. It should be noted that the cracks were found on the threads is a gathering place that can become a focal nidus of infection that is difficult to recover because it is difficult to achieve macrophages. Frequent sinus formation or wounds that are difficult to heal on the use of fiber yarns lot. This thread stitches with more rough and real.
Many fiber yarn can be divided into two, namely in the form of thread woven braided hair braided like (for example, polyester, polyglycolic acid, polyamide (polyfilament and silk), and twisted braid which consists of fibers wound / untwisted (eg cotton and linen) . Polyamide (nylon) can be found in two forms, namely single fibrous and fibrous lot.

4. Coating.

Coating thread (coated) has a variety of purposes, can to get a more coarse thread so that better knot strength, to secure the braid so it appears more neat and sturdy, to close the gaps (pore) on the webbing so that there is no place for nesting germs , as well as to minimize tissue reaction.
Polyglycolic acid and polydioxanone are many and layered fibrous threads. Sutera given a layer of wax so that the thread is stiffer and more bite, and to close the gaps in the thread.
Criteria for the use of threads that are eligible for surgical sutures, among others,
Has a tensile strength (tensile strength) were good according to size.
Easy to use and has a low resistance when applied in network
Having a good knot security, stillborn is not easy to loose and loose.
Having a good sterile packaging and easy-open so safe to use by the surgical personnel.
Minimal reaction on the network and is not likely to increase the growth of bacteria.

Yarn size (size).

Thread with a large size used to sew a tough structure / clay. To sew fine structure, for example in eye surgery, used yarns ranging in size from 00000 (5/0) to 7/0. The more zeros her, the more subtle size. For microsurgery, worn thread size 8/0 to 10/0. It must be remembered, the greater the size of the thread, the greater the foreign bodies that we enter into the patient's body, which means that the greater the tissue reaction.

Tensile strength (tensile strength).

Tensile strength test performed in laboratory, tensile strength is defined as the applied load per unit area and expressed in psi or kg / cm2 or it could also be defined as the force needed to break the stitches were expressed by lb or kg.
The stronger the tensile strength of a thread, the greater the power to close up the wound. Yarns of this type is mainly used to hold the wound area is a high load, for example the abdomen and extremities. Generally, the most excellent tensile strength on stainless steel yarn, synthetic yarn and being on the weakest in natural yarn.

Stronger
Stainless steel
Tensile strength

Moderate
Polyamide, polypropylene

Weaker
Natural (silk, catgut)

Reaction tissue (tissue reaction).

Tissue reaction to the ligature has the following characteristics:
Ranging between 1-3 days, since the yarn is a foreign object in the body.
The reaction that occurs depends on the physical form of yarn (monofilament, braided) or from their chemical structure.
The reaction in the form of absorption or removal of the yarn material. The faster the absorption, the greater the cellular response network.
Natural ingredients tend to stimulate reactions polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and macrophages, whereas synthetic materials stimulate macrophages and giant cell reaction (giant cell). The amount of tissue reaction will slow wound healing. Likewise, the end result is influenced by the wound healing tissue reaction. Generally more severe tissue reaction, see end cuts will be less good.

Absorption (Absorption).

There are two mechanisms of absorption ligature. First, absorption through enzymatic mechanisms, for example, occurs in catgut and collagen. Here proteolytic enzymes that are stored in the lysosomes of PMN would destroy the thread.
Second, is the mechanism that affects the hydrolysis of water contained in the yarn. Disorders of the water in the threads will cause more fragile thread then destroyed. Hydrolysis will increase with changes in pH.

Security knot (knotting security).

The more coarse fiber of a yarn, the higher the coefficient of friction (coefficient of friction). Thus, the higher the knot security. Many fiber yarn generally has a higher knot security than single fiber yarns. Yarn coating also played a role, candles were used coats the silk threads will cause more abrasive, so it is not easy to loose knot. But please remember, flexibility (pliability) fibrous thread much smaller than a single fiber yarn, making it more difficult to manipulate during suturing. Anyway revocation of wound yarn easier when the single-fiber yarns and slippery. Should also be considered that many fibrous threads will leave a mark (stiching marks) is worse than a single fibrous threads. Besides coefficient of friction, the type and number of ties knot also plays a role in determining the safety of a knot.
For skin in areas of high tension (eg, abdomen and extremities), used yarns with good knot security. Usually aesthetic interest to be number two in this area.
To obtain sufficient knot security, usually carried out in accordance with the type of thread manipulation. Slippery thread should be knotted more than coarse threads. This is in accordance with the law "approximation, no strangulation" (pressed and not ensnare) in suturing the wound.

Surgical needles.

Needle (needle) is an integral part in a suture technique, so knowing the basic concept of the needle can help in mastering the technique of suturing. A large part of the needle is made of corrosive-resistant stainless steel and attached to the end of the thread through the swage, namely holes found on the base of the needle, where threads can be embedded within it. Needle should be sufficiently rigid so as to allow to be able to penetrate the network without becoming hooked, diameter sufficient without causing damage to surrounding tissue, as thin as possible so as not to cause leakage. The tip of the needle should be sharp to penetrate tissue well and a large enough size so as to bring the thread without taking part in bringing the surrounding tissue. Needle should also have a three-dimensional sharpness that allows us to hold the well by using a needle holder without causing damage to other tissues that are not necessary.
Election adapted to the network and the region of surgery.

General criteria that must be owned by surgical needles among others :

Contains a stainless material (stainless steel)
Strong to penetrate tissue
small to not cause trauma to the tissues
sharp
Stable when used with the instrument (needle holder)
Anatomy Surgical Needles (surgical needle)

In the standard surgical needle that there are several parts :

Needle Point, the tip of the needle is relatively sharper and has a diameter smaller than that all parts of the Needle.

Swage is the base of the needle that has a handle in the form of holes or slits for the thread.

Cord Length is the distance between the needle point and swage when drawn straight line, while the length is the distance between the needle and the needle swage point by following the curved outer ring needle.

Radius is the distance between the center of curvature of the needle with the needle itself.

Needle Diameter is the thickness of the needle on each section.

Characteristics Surgical Needle.

The most important characteristic of the surgical needle is :

Sharpness and curvature
Needle length and diameter of the needle (size)
Eye needle and needle-sectional shape
Type attachment with sewing thread to needle
Sharpness and curvature
Sharpness and curvature of the needle is closely related to its function. Often a special needle is only for one type of operation only, eg J-shaped, which is used only for femoral hernia surgery alone.

The length and diameter of the needle.

The potential length of the needle, is determined by the thickness of the material used and the rigidity, ductility and strength of a needle determines the size needle. In fact needle with a diameter of 66 mm with an ultra-thin gauge wire will be more easily bent or broken when compared with short needle thick diameter. Better long needle used for suturing fascia and skin with a needle materials and stronger material. Short Needle is often used to sew visceral and blood vessels.

Eyes and needle cross section.

Point hole formed by the needle is determined by the very end of the needle eye to the greatest transverse diameter of the needle. There are four types of holes formed by the needle: is Conventional Cutting, Reverse cutting, Taper Point and Blunt. Conventional Cutting and Reverse Cutting: use in suturing the skin, periosteum, tendons. Taper is used to easily penetrate tissue and to obtain minimal injuries.
Blunt, to sew the liver and spleen.

The type of sewing thread to needle attachment.

Needle generally already attached to the thread which we will use. The technology began to be known the last few decades. Traditionally all the needle has two eyes on the base and sewing thread must be inserted in the eye of the needle before use.

There are two kinds of attachment of the needle-thread, the first is the type of eye, which today has begun rarely used because it is less practical in its user and cause trauma to the tissue that is sutured.
The second type is swedged, where the yarn has been coupled with a needle in the package. It is preferred because this type cause minimal trauma to the tissue, besides the use of needles also can not be repeated, thereby reducing the risk of disease transmission to patients.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/06/did-you-know-suture-materials.html
DatePublished: June 21, 2015 at 15:41

Tags : Did you know Suture Materials.

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