Literally Logic is derived from the word 'Logos' in Latin meaning words or word. In Arabic it is known by the word 'Mantiq' which means utter or say.
HISTORY OF LOGIC.
Mundiri prepare trace the history of logic as follows. The person who first used the word logic is Zeno of Citium. The Sophists, Socrates, and Plato recorded as figures who participated pioneered the birth of logic. Logic was born as a science for services Aristotle, Theoprostus and Stoics. Logic developed progressively by the Arabs and the Muslims in the second century AH. The logic being part interest in the development of Islamic culture. But also got different reactions, for example Ibn Salah and Imam Nawawi make illegitimate law learn logic, Al-Ghazali advocate and assume good, while jumhur Ulema allow for enough people minds and solid faith. Philosopher Al-Kindi studied and investigated specifically Greek logic and more in-depth study conducted by Al-Farabi.Furthermore, the logic experienced a period of decadence that long. Logic becomes very shallow and simple. At that time used books like Isagoge logic of Porphirius, Fonts Scientie of John Damascenus, books commentary logic of Bothius, and systematic logic of Thomas Aquinas. All departing and develop the logic of Aristotle.
In the thirteenth century to the fifteenth century appears Peter Hispanus, Roger Bacon, Raymundus Lullus, Wilhelm Ocham compose a very different logic to the logic of Aristotle which became known as modern logic. Raymundus Lullus develop methods Ars Magna, a kind of algebraic understanding with the intention to prove the truth - the ultimate truth. Francis Bacon developed the inductive method in his Novum Organum scientiarum. W.Leibniz construct algebraic logic to simplify the work of reason and provide certainty. Emanuel Kant found the Transcendental Logic is logic that is investigating the forms of thought that overcomes the limits of experience. In addition, George Boole (who developed Boolean algebra), Bertrand Russell, and G. Frege recorded as figures who contributed in developing the Modern Logic.
Poespoprojo not discuss the origins and history of logic, as well as Olson. Posepoprojo directly discuss the issues of the logic itself, while Olson did not mention the history of logic at all.
MEANING OF SCIENCE.
Mundiri explains that science should be distinguished from knowledge. Knowledge is everything that came as a result of the activity of knowing that the exposure of a reality to the soul so that there is no doubt against him, while science requires more than that.Poespoprojo formulate simply that science is a body of knowledge about a particular field which is an integral systematically arranged, and give explanations be justified by showing why. Olson does not explain anything about the definition of science. Mundiri and Poespoprojo discuss the problem of logic as a science.
MIND.
Mundiri explained that the mind is a benchmark words and logic, law or formula thinking. Logic aims to assess and refine ideas seriously and educated manner and get the truth in spite of all the interests and desires of a person.Poespoprojo explains that knowledge is the result of the activity of thinking that investigates the knowledge derived from the experiences of concrete, sesitivo-rational experience, facts, objects, events or events that seen or experienced. Logic aims to analyze the way the mind of a reasoning / thinking / inference about a thing.
Olson does not explain the definition of thought in the context of logic, but to explain the mind in the context of creativity. Discussion focused on the discussion of the problem solving by taking the 'road' that is not unusual.
ERROR THINK AND CREATIVITY.
Mundiri stated in his book that there are some fallacy among others:
A. Formal Fallacy because:
1. The use of four terms in the syllogism2. The second term does not include the mediation process is not correct
3. conclude from two negative premises
4. recognizes the result later confirmed also why
5. rejected cause and concluded that the result did not materialize
6. disyungtif form the first alternative deny later admitted alternatives
7. not runtutnya statement of the previously recognized
B. Informal Fallacy caused by:
1. Making a hasty generalization2. impose presumption
3. invites problems
4. The use of a rotating argument
5. The basic change
6. based on authority
7. basing itself on power
8. personal attack
9. do not know the problem
10. complicated question
11. The reason is too simple
12. establish the nature of which is not a necessity
13. The argument is irrelevant
14. one takes the analogy
15. invites compassion
C. Errors due to the use of language that is caused by
1. The composition2. The error in the division
3. The error due to pressure
4. mistake because amfiboli (sentences that can be interpreted different)
5. mistake because it uses the word in some sense
Those problems are the things that are common to every person so that the person can take the wrong problem solving and away from logic. Thus these thinking errors are systematic errors think.
The same thing expressed by Poespoprojo that logical errors, which in English is called the fallacy, not the fault of the facts.
These errors include :
1. hasty generalizations
A logical error is a result of the induction is wrong because it is based on a sampling of things that are not specific enough or because they do not wear limit.2. Non sequitur (not necessarily)
This error is an error that occurs because of false premises used. Non sequitur is stepping haphazardly from one premise to the conclusion that there is no relation to the earlier premise. The relationship is only apparent premise and conclusion, there is no real relationship.3. False Analogy
False analogy is a form of comparison that tries to make an idea or notion looks correct by comparing it with other ideas or ideas that actually do not have a relationship with the idea or the idea of the first one.4. Circular Reasoning
Circular reasoning is logical error of as the penalar put his conclusions into its premise, and then put on the premise that to prove the conclusion. So the conclusion and the premise is the same.5. Deduction Disabilities
The use of flawed premise is very common to reasoning or should be in a serious discussion we pause and question the premises that we use.6. Mind simplistic
Simplistic mind is logical error happens because the penalar oversimplification. The problem is so intricate is simplified into two polar opposite, or formulated only in two aspects, namely black and white, or formulated sebgaia only be two choices of this or that.7. The argument ad hominem
This logical error occurs because we do not pay attention to the real problems and attacking the person, personal.8. The argument ad Populum
This is a logical error target group is not the problem, similar to the argument ad hominem logical fallacy.9. False Authority
The authority is sometimes necessary to give weight to our reasoning. Logical fallacy of false authority is due to not wearing real authority.10. Afterward it therefore
This logical error occurs because the wrong interpretation of the causal relationship.11. Irrelevant
This logical error occurs because the temptation to someone to keep a firm hold on the subject matter so that deviate from the basic issue.Olson will argue about the logical errors that are often encountered. People who are looking for a solution to a problem often do not achieve satisfactory results. It is called the crisis of creativity that he mentions things often happen to everyone thus inhibiting its potential to be creative. In other words, saying that there is another way of thinking that can be taken by someone without denying the logic of thinking.
Things that inhibit one's creativity:
1. habit
Ways of looking at objects by habit can meet various obstacles called 'functional fixation'. This is related to the fact that we have some mental habits and for some reason to keep doing it.2. time
The bustle is a reason to be creative. But in fact many people who do not want to invest the time to sharpen their creativity or use.3. Flooded problem
Most of us feel that we are dealing with so many issues that are important so that we do not have enough time and effort to overcome some of the problems creatively.4. There is no problem
We often feel no problems and opportunities, because experts have found all the answers or have been told that it can not be implemented.5. Fear of Failure
We can avoid failure and creativity in various ways: by adjusting, never try something different, to convince ourselves that we only use the ideas that have proven successful and running in the halls that have sirintis. Thus we avoid failures small. But we have failed as a human being. We become creative not exceed grow old habits and instincts.6. The need for an answer now
Humans do not want to run into trouble because they do not have a direct answer. When an issue raised, directly we provide a solution. Only if the first solution does not work then we tried another way.7. Difficulty mental activities directed
Often mentally we tuck feeling worried or muddle thinking within our reach. From such circumstances sometimes arise a valuable idea. However, because of the first we did not find a solution or an answer to a problem, then there is no idea or insight to a problem, then there is no idea or insight that emerged from our minds. We are often puzzled by the problem of how far we have to think or worry about a problem and how to direct and produce.8. Fear of fun
We can be more creative with fun. However, many people feel guilty when they have fun. People often do not realize that the relaxed, fun, and relax are important aspects of the process of creative problem solving.9. Criticism of others
By accident of creativity is often hampered by the criticism of others. When a new idea is introduced, the idea is often broken and ransacked.Someone with his idea was ridiculed by the following expressions.
REASONING TEST OR IDEAS
Mundiri propose a way to test a concept or idea or hypothesis in sizes:1. Relevance, ideas proposed should attempt to explain the facts at hand. Therefore, the hypothesis must be relevant to the facts to be explained.
2. Able to be tested, this is the main characteristic that distinguishes between scientific hypotheses and non-scientific hypothesis. The hypothesis must have the ability to be tested with the facts of sense or logical calculations.
3. Corresponding to the hypothesis that has been accepted as true knowledge.
4. Have the power of prediction. A good hypothesis not only describe facts, but interpretations are made able to explain the similar facts unknown or unexplored.
5. Simple.
Poespoprojo argue that human thought is to achieve the right knowledge and where possible, certainly. But in reality the ideas and the reasons put forward is not necessarily always true.
So the size in determining whether a thought or reasoning is right or wrong is not good or bad taste, good or bad, it is suitable or not the facts or not.
four Questions
1. What is to be confirmed or what the principal statement filed.2. How is it: On the basis of people come to the conclusion or that question?
3. How is the mind that links the reasons put forward and the conclusions drawn? What are the steps? Is it legal conclusion?
4. Is it true conclusion or explanation? Are sure? Or simply may not be true?
scheme
To help to test or analyze a thought, it is useful once compose his thoughts in the form of a scheme, it is clear which one is the conclusion, which are random, and how certain people draw certain conclusions of reasons.
Three Basic Conditions.
1. Thought must stem from the fact or its starting point must be true2. The reasons are proposed to be precise and powerful
3. This line of thought should be logical or straight / legitimate.
Olson has her own way of determining the best idea. Among others, by:
1. Integrate the conscious and unconscious mind, we need to not only draw conclusions based on our conscious mind is limited, but also by our subconscious mind wide.2. The uniqueness of the individual, to be more creative we must recognize our uniqueness and use it to choose the ideas that we think are valuable to us based on the goals, needs, and unique experience.
3. Feelings and deep intuition, our intuition is often unclear and irrational even more of a subconscious mental thought. Perhaps the most internal condition of a creative person is the source of their internal assessment and selection.
4. The criteria we use to determine where the best ideas and are aware of the standards we use to measure the value of our ideas. These criteria introduce an element of conscious, systematic, careful, that help organize and focus the filtering capabilities of our conscious and unconscious.
5. Select the idea, choose the best idea we use the criteria that we have developed to help evaluate ideas of solving our problems. Then we get rid of the idea or not is ridiculous and ideas like.Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/01/what-logic.html
DatePublished: January 5, 2015 at 20:36
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