Chernobyl accident.

Chernobyl area as seen in the Russian Mir space station in 1997 (51.380567 ° N 30.116272 ° E)

Chernobyl is an uninhabited town in northern Ukraine, in Kiev Oblast rather close to the border with Belarus.
The city was abandoned in 1986 after the catastrophic explosion of a nuclear power plant which is famous as the Chernobyl disaster, located 14.5 km north-northwest. The plant named after the city, and located in Chernobyl Raion (district), but not a place to stay for the workers. At the time of construction of the plant, a twin city, Prypiat was built adjacent to the workers.
Chernobyl is located at coordinates 30 ° 51 ° 38'LU 11'BT Now the city is still inhabited even if only slightly. The radiation level in the city is still in critical condition, ie at 5.6 roentgens per second (R/s) (0056 Grays per second, or Gy/s).

Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster.

On April 26, 1986, reactor at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near the town of Pripyat, Ukraine, exploded. The blast occurred at 1:23 early morning when the neighboring town of Pripyat residents were asleep. Two workers were killed instantly. 40 hours later, Pripyat residents ordered to evacuate, and do not ever come back, at that time, many people have suffered various levels of radiation poisoning.
In 2003, the United Nations Development Programme launched a project called the Chernobyl Recovery and Development (CRDP) for the recovery of the affected areas. This program was launched activities based Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident report recommendations and started in February 2002. The main objective of the CRDP's activities is to support the Government of Ukraine to reduce the long-term consequences of social, economic and ecological disaster of Chernobyl, among others. CRDP works in the four most Chernobyl-affected areas in Ukraine: Kiev Oblast, Zhytomyrska Oblast, most of Kiev, Chernihivska Oblast and Rivne Oblast.

Facts about Chernobyl

Originally bright morning sky, dark sudden terrible accident that destroyed Chernobyl. On April 26, 1986, an accident caused by a combination of reactor design flaws and errors in the testing procedures Reactor No. 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, causing the release of radioactive substances are much larger than the Hiroshima atomic bomb.  Some surprising facts about Chernobyl are :

The largest man-made disasters of all time.

According to the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). Chernobyl tragedy entered at level 7 accident which means this is a great event that have broad impact on health and the environment.

Belarus received 70% of the contamination of the Chernobyl nuclear explosion.

Belarus, Ukraine neighboring countries, which is only 10 miles away from the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, is estimated to have received 70% of the Chernobyl nuclear contamination. As a result, one-fifth of agricultural land in Belarus contaminated and hundreds of thousands of people forced to leave their homes and move.

Thousands of people also infected by various diseases, ranging from leukemia, thyroid cancer, to cardiovascular disease. To date, Belarus has lost more than $ 235 billion (or approximately USD 2,291 T) earnings per year as a direct result of the Chernobyl disaster.

The rain from the Chernobyl nuclear to Ireland.

Number 4 reactor accident has created a huge radioactive cloud was detected in all of Europe and even to Ireland in the form of light. Although these events have occurred over the past two decades, the impact of the Chernobyl disaster is still felt in the British Isles until now.

According to a new study conducted by the UK Department of Health, 369 farms and 190,000 sheep in the UK still contain faint traces of radioactivity from the Chernobyl disaster. Fortunately, the number of sheep affected by contamination down nearly 95% from 1986.

The government is still paying benefits to 7 million people affected by the Chernobyl disaster.

This certainly shows that the Chernobyl disaster still have broad implications for the environment and human civilization that lived nearby. According to studies conducted by the UN Chernobyl Forum, Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation still pay benefits to approximately 7 million people affected by the disaster.

The study also claims that 5% to 7% of annual expenditures Ukrainian government still budgeted for Chernobyl victims. Although the payments were slightly reduced in recent years, the benefits may not be fully eliminated in the near future.

Approximately 97% of radioactive materials from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is still buried.

Emergency crews to react quickly when an explosion Reactor No. 4, responds to bury the Chernobyl nuclear power plant complex with a large concrete known as the Sarcophagus. Business plan will replace the Chernobyl nuclear power plant structures after 20 years of the occurrence of such events. But until now, the structure is still used.

According to local newspapers Poland, Zycie Warszawy, the surface of the concrete structure has been filled with cracks and gaps large enough to allow the rat to pass through. Meanwhile, an independent engineering report also estimates that the whole building was going to collapse in the event of an earthquake measuring six or more on the Richter scale. Not impossible, events radioactive cloud that was once the case will return to spread throughout Europe.

Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com

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DatePublished: December 4th, 2014 at 12:24

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You know quicksand.

Sands of life are the most unique mechanism of the universe, it may be buried on the banks of the river shore or even perhaps in the back yard around it, calmly waiting for people approaching, making it difficult to go forward or backward. Some mysteries of sand suction :

In 1692, at the port of Jamaica, never happened sands of life are formed from the soil solution due to the earthquake, the news caused the third city of the lost, and the tragedy that killed 2,000 men.

The lake was calm in the south of England, fjords or narrow bay in Alaska beautiful but dangerous and other areas had occurred human life trapped in the sand.

However, most people probably have never come across the sand of life, let alone witnessed people stuck in the sand live or experience it for yourself. Impression of the people against the sand live mainly based on various movies they watch. Mood or scene is created in the film depicts life sand is a scourge that can suck people into the bottomless pit.

It would dissolve if the surface of the quicksand disturbed.

A scientist from the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands namely Daniel Bonn ever meet a local shepherd. The pastor pointed quicksand saying in Bonn, that was never a camel fell into then disappeared without trace.

Then he immediately related investigation after returned to the country. He brought samples of sand to the Netherlands and analyze its composition. Having found that the mixture consists of high-quality sand, clay, water and salt, the experts and his team create derivative quicksand in large quantities.

They observe and analyze carefully dozens of films that depict views of quicksand that swallows man, and found that the picture painted these films entirely erroneous.

Then, in the laboratory, experts mixing sand, clay and salt water, forming a sand mockups live in a small room for examination. After repeated experiments, personnel researchers found that it took a few days to make the sand becomes sticky.

Instead it is easy if you're going eliminate viscosity (viscosity), which is sufficient given the right pressure at the surface. The surface will be "dissolved" quickly if you get a movement disorder, the sand on the surface will be loose (mushy), and sand in shallow layer will also drop down quickly.

This displacement movements create a moving object on the surface of the sand sinks to the bottom, then along with the increasing depth of the drownings, sand falling down through the displacement movement of the top layer will slowly converge, and will create a thick sediment, so that the viscosity or the nature glue sand accelerating, preventing further mired object.

It takes strength to lift a car.

According to the research, that people are mired in quicksand generally can not move, which increases the density of the sand and then glue on the lower limbs were mired in quicksand, forming enormous pressure on the body, making it very difficult exertion.

People who are very great strength is also difficult even in a short time can remove victims trapped in the quicksand. After the calculation of the relevant researchers, that to remove one leg trapped victims with a speed of 1 cm / sec just need the power of 100 thousand Newton, or roughly equivalent to the power lift a medium-size car.

Unless assisted by Derek car, if not difficult to extricate victims trapped in quicksand that in a short time. Related research results also showed, according to the count of this force, if forcibly dragged the victim, then before quicksand "release" trapped victim, the victim's body has been broken attracted by the great powers.

Risks resulting from such action is much more dangerous than allowing victims to remain in the quicksand that for a while.

How to save themselves from the trap.

Actually most of the quicksand is not much different from the sand in general, not creepy as depicted in the film. In principle, it is only sand that has been infused water, because of friction (friction force) between the grains of sand is reduced, so that it becomes a mixture of sand and water half the liquid that is difficult to support. Sands of life are usually found around the coast.

According to experts, there is only one state that quicksand can drown men (drowned), when the head of the first to get into, but chances are mired in this way is very small. People who are mired in quicksand only feel a slight pressure on the chest, a little hard to breathe, would not life-threatening. The tide in the sand near the new life terrifying enemy for trapped victims.

People misinterpret that by shaking legs to loosen the sand around the body, thus can help the members of the body to get out of the sand. Related scientists said, is actually not so, such movement will only accelerate the deposition of clay, strengthen the viscosity (viscosity) of quicksand, struggling blindly will only make the victim more deeply mired.

An expert said that the way to escape from the sand remains, namely victims trapped should slowly move his legs, so that water and sand as much as seeping into the hollow area, so it will be able to reduce the pressure from the victim's body, and makes the sand so that the soil becomes loose long.

In addition, the victim must also trying to keep his limbs apart, because if you touch the sand surface area greater weight, then gained buoyancy will be even greater. Provided that the victim had enough patience, the movement is fairly quiet and relaxed, then slowly surely will be free from the trap of quicksand.

In addition, the research also found, when an object is mired in quicksand, the setting of the speed is determined by the density of the object. Live sand density generally 2 milliliter, while the human density is 1g / milliliter. Under such density, the human body is immersed into the sand of life will not drown, often will stop until the waist.

In addition, the researchers also found that although the number of objects greater density than the sand of life, but still able to float on the sand of life. In a related experiment, they then put the aluminum ball that density 2.7g / ml above the surface of the quicksand.

Although the density is greater than the sand of life, but as it gets influence of buoyancy quicksand and sand voltage, then the aluminum ball can remain calm on the surface of live sand. The ball did not sink until the researchers thrilling quicksand and make movements that cause more fluid mixture. When doing this, the aluminum ball really entirely submerged.

However, when using aluminum ball that has a density similar to humans, which means lower than the density of quicksand, the ball never sink though the mixture treated rudely.

The fall of the object into quicksand cause water mixed with sand particles lose stability. If it continues to be pressure, the mixture will turn into more liquid on the surface and very solid at the bottom.

The greater the pressure, the more fluid formed in quicksand so that movement of the victim make it fall deeper and deeper.

Based on the measurement of this aluminum equipment, physical pressure to increase by 1 percent particles causing the sinking speed riding a million times. The researchers added that the draw objects of quicksand at this stage requires the equivalent power of a medium sized car lift.

Be patient and calm.

The most dangerous is when quicksand tend to draw quickly. But, patience can save you. If you wait patiently, sand particles will gradually stabilized so that the buoyancy of the mixture will lift you up.

We know that the sand layer beneath it more tightly while more water in the upper layer. Very dense sand layer below contain very little water so difficult removing foot fall into it.

His advice, stay calm and usually you will float. Straighten your back to expand the free area and wait until the legs are free of sand.

The experts also suggested that the foot moves to control the water so you float. You must enter the water into the sand and the easiest way is twirling around feet in quicksand.

Suggestions are most likely correct. The proof, the aluminum ball in this experiment did not sink more than half. Although the ball only four millimeters in diameter, density equal to humans that can be used as a human model.

Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com

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DatePublshed: December 3, 2014 at 21:34

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Temple is unique in Greece.

Some interesting information about the Temple of the Most Unique And Famous In Greece:

Temple of Olympian Zeushttp.

Although only a few columns remain at Olympia Temple of Zeus in Athens does not take much imagination to realize that this is one of the giant temple. Its construction began in the 6th century BC during the reign of the tyrant of Athens, who envisaged building the largest temple in the ancient world, but not completed until the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century about 638 years after the project has started.

Temple of Poseidon, Sounion.

Located at the southern tip of the peninsula of Attica in Greece, Temple of Poseidon at Sounion, 3 sides surrounded by the sea. This temple was built in approx. 440 BC, on the ruins of a temple from the Archaic Period. Only a few columns Temple of Poseidon standing, but if intact, this temple will be similar to the Temple of Hephaestus at the Acropolis, this may be because it is designed by the same architect.

Temple of Zeus, Cyrene.

Cyrene was the most important of the five Greek colony in Libya to date. This temple was destroyed during the Jewish revolt in the year 115, and back both 5 years later because it was rebuilt by the Romans on the orders of the Emperor Hadrian. In the year 365, the earthquake caused the temple to collapse once again and not rebuilt until modern times by the British and Italian archaeologists. This temple is larger than the Parthenon, a reflection of the richness and importance of Cyrene in the ancient Greek world.

Erechtheum.

The Erechtheum is an ancient Greek temple Ionic style on the north side of the Acropolis of Athens. This temple was built between 421 and 407 BC. Its name comes Erichthonius of Athens, the Greek hero. This temple is perhaps most famous for the typical porch supported by six female figures known as caryatids.

Temple of Apollo Epicurius.

Located in a remote mountainside in the Peloponnese, the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae is a well-preserved Greek temples and unusual. It was built somewhere between 450 and 400 BC. This temple is aligned north-south, in contrast to most of the Greek temples aligned east-west. The temple is unusual in that it has a third example of the commands used in the classical architecture of ancient Greece. Ionic peristyle form of Doric columns and column Corinthian columns support the porch and in the interior features. Temple of Apollo Epicurius currently covered in a tent to protect the ruins of the elements.

Doric Temple of Segesta.

Located in the northwestern part of Sicily, Segesta is one of the major cities of the Elymian, one of the three indigenous peoples of Sicily. Segesta mixed population Elymian and Greece, although Elymians soon Hellenized and took the external characteristics of Greek life. Doric Temple which is located just outside the ancient site is well maintained. It was built in the late 5th century BC and has 6 = C3 = 97 14 column. and this temple also seems deficient roof over the main hall.

Paestum.

Paestum is an ancient Greco-Roman city in southern Italy, not far from the beach. The city offers three preserved Greek temples. The oldest temple in Paestum is the Temple of Hera, built around 550 BC by Greek colonists. Nearby temple was built around the 1st century later and is also dedicated to Hera, goddess of marriage and childbirth. Furthermore stood the Temple of Athena was built around 500 BC.
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DatePublished: December 3, 2014 at 20:35

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Civilization of Atlantis and Saba.

Indonesia besides known as the heir to the lost continent of Atlantis civilization, known as the State of Saba Central Civilization '

There is a fairly interesting discussion is very interesting and at the same time, that such a study on "INDONESIAN STATE SABA" presented by KH. Fahmi Basya, he illustrates that the details once started from the wording of the Qur'an Surah Saba 'paragraph 18 as follows:

وجعلنا بينهم وبين القرى التي باركنا فيها قرى ظاهرة وقدرنا فيها السير سيروا فيها ليالي وأياما آمنين

And We made between them and between countries which We bestowed blessings on him, some adjacent land and we set between the countries (distances) trip. Walk him some night and day safely.

Indonesian State of Saba '.

Based on the research results of the Institute of Islamic Studies and Antiquities led by KH. Fahmi Basya, professor of Islamic Mathematics UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, that actually "BOROBUDUR" is constructed by "ARMY OF PROPHET SULAIMAN" including from among the Jin and Satan mentioned in the Qur'an as "Throne QUEEN SABA", true PRINCES OF SABA or "QUEEN balqis" is "Boko" which is very famous among the Java community, while statues at Borobudur temple, which is known as the Buddha statue, the statue of the model is actually the Angels in heaven that makes Solomon as a model and curly hair. In the literature of the Children of Israel and the West, the Jews known as nation builders and curly hair, but in fact it Javanese who became the nation builders and curly hair (note statue of King Solomon in Borobudur).

Research results also suggest that the "RATE JAVA" also known as "BANI LUKMAN" because according to the tribal character in accordance with the teachings of Judge Lukmanul as stated in the Qur'an. Keep in mind that the only prophet set forth in the Qur'an, which use first names only SU As Solomon and inherit the land which he accidentally turns his descendants ruled by the SU is also named Sukarno, Suharto, and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY ) and leave the country named SLEMAN in Yogyakarta - Central Java. Prophet Sulayman As inherit the kingdom of Prophet David As was said in the Quran made Khalifah on Earth (into the World Ruler of Atlantis as a center of civilization), Prophet David also said to be capable of conquering king iron (making weapons and gamelan by hand, he also melodious voice) and also conquered the mountain to be known as the King of the Mountain. In this archipelago known as the King of the Mountain is a "dynasty", according to Dr. Daud Yoesoef dynasty name is derived from the word Saila and senses, and the senses Saila = mountain = king.

So in fact the Israelites who now colonize Palestine was not a descendant of Israel comprise just 12 tribes, but they call themselves the 13 tribes that Khazar tribe (originally from Central Asia) results in mixed marriages Israelites experienced diaspora with local residents, the position of the Khazar tribe The majority in the whole world. Being Jewish has been disappearing native known as the lost tribes "The Lost Tribes" where they go to the east, and many are heading to "THE PROMISED LAND", namely Indonesia.

And again, if we trace back what has been delivered by KH. Fahmi Basya about Borobudur, it will be apparent that when he describes the State of Saba 'there is said that a government that is very powerful because it is led by Solomon and the Queen Balqis As the results of the research supported by existing data, then STATE SABA proven that 'it was INDONESIA with the central government in Java and SABA Throne' which moved on the orders of King Solomon As Borobudur is transferred from the Queen's Palace BOKO, and STATE SABA 'is then told by KH Fahmi Basya there are similarities between the story with the lost continent of Atlantis. And it is remarkable that the fact is true, it means that the country has inherited the great civilization of nations.

Back to discussion of STATE SABA 'No 15 (fifteen) important points that become evidence based on the Quran that SABA' exists on the island of Java (Indonesia) and not in YEMEN.

1. On the History of Science books we mentioned that Borobudur was founded in the 7th century AD, but according to the theory of part-time, that a study of the stone temple can not be calculated age with Isotope C (Carbon). So it can be pulled hypothesis, that Borobudur was not made in the 7th century AD.

2. The existence of the phenomenon of the number 19 in Borobudur.
The phenomenon of the number 19 was found in the Qur'an comes from Bismillaahirrahmaanirrahiim sentence consisting of 19 letters.
This Bismillaahirrahmaanirrahiim sentence that introduced him to us is the prophet Sulaiman As. when he wrote to the Queen of Saba '

Letterhead of Letter of Solomon As it is Bismillaahirrahmaanirrahiim sentence.
The letter is: "Alla ta'luu 'alaiyya, wa'tuunni muslimiin" (Do not brag to me and come to me with surrender). And please note the letter still extant is in the National Museum in the form of a gold plate inscribed with Bismillah, the letter was originally discovered pond near Borobudur.

Thus, it can be said that the phenomenon of 19 was already known by Solomon As. Therefore, there is the phenomenon in Borobudur 19.

3. The existence of phenomena in position three temples situated in a straight line, namely: Borobudur, Pawon and Mendut.

Because that makes Borobudur was not human, but also Jin, then the straight line of three temples of Borobudur, Pawon and Mendut, it is no accident. because Jin could see it from above.

For what they make it the third temple straight line?

To create an image eclipse. Thus they proclaim that Borobudur was an image of the Sun, Moon and Pawon it Mendut picture is a picture of the Earth. That's because Mendut represent Man. There's a statue of Man as a representative population of the earth is man.

Why Borobudur Sun picture.? Because Ya..si Queen of Saba 'was once the worshipers of the Sun, so the Throne he was no sun shades.

4. Also told in the Qur'an castle-shaped plates and statues, while the Borobudur temple-shaped plates and many statues, sculptures Solomon allegedly As.

5. Borobudur is a relic of Prophet Sulaiman As. and Indonesia is the country told SABA that the Qur'an in the letter As-Saba (34). Consequently, there is the name of Sleman in IN. Yogyakarta - Central Java, which is taken from the name of Solomon As.

6. While it is still in the city of Jogjakarta, precisely in the area of the temple of Prambanan no queen Boko taken from the name of Queen Bulqo / Bilkis.

7. In the Quran Surat As-Saba signs there is the bitter fruit of the region, while around Borobudur temple there is fruit: Bitter Mojo. even a large empire that ever victorious at first willing to call Java island kingdom with the name of the Majapahit Empire.

8. Then is told in the Qur'an again: that the area of Saba 'surrounded by two woods, while the Borobudur there is Wanagiri and WanaSABA area, which in the Java language dictionary Kawi; wana = forest, saba = meeting.

9. Where as in the Qur'an Solomon uses two pieces of fabric and the outer fabric is silk like a statue in the temple contained silk folds.

10. Told again in Solomon frequent rest and vacation in the land of Saba east coast, while in the east Indonesian Papua deket there Solomons Island, which is taken from the name of Solomon As.

11. The temple reliefs portray the story of Prophet Sulaiman including pictures of birds that deliver a letter to the queen Bilkis.

While pictorial reliefs human-headed bird, give an explanation that the hoopoe bird can talk to Solomon.

12. In the Qur'an letter As-Saba 'told SABA country has been in the punishment of God because the people of kufr and non-believers, in the form to send a great flood that destroyed the land of Saba' to pieces. Therefore only Indonesia and is the only country in the world that has more than 17,000 islands.

13. Indonesia is the country that lost SABA, which by Plato and western scientists termed the lost continent of Atlantis.

14. Among Thousands number of the Prophet, only Solomon Java As with names beginning with "SU", as Suparmin, Suharto, Sukarno, Supratman, Sulistyono etc.

15. The existence of the monsoon in Indonesia strengthens the evidence that Indonesia is a land of Saba '.

When the results of this study is true, that yanag meant by the State of Saba 'is the result of a relic of Prophet Sulaiman Indonesia As and Queen Bulqis. It is remarkable this nation, we have inherited the glorious civilization.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 3, 2014 at 19:09

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American inventor.

For thousands of years, have always felt that the discoverer of America was Christopher Columbus on October 12, 1492. According to this version, when the first set foot on land, he thought it landed on the peninsula of India, so that the natives called "India".But according to another version, repeated studies conducted by several researchers West, or the study of written sources from Muslims, Muslim scientists, discovered new data that the Americas has been discovered by Muslim explorers 603 years before Columbus set foot on the American continent.
Literature stating that Muslim explorers had come to America before Columbus, among other historians and geographers Abul Hassan Ali Ibn al-Hussain al-Masudi (871-957M). In his book Muruj Adh-Dhahabwa Maad al-Jawhar (The Meadows of Gold and Quarries of Jewels / Overlay Gold and gem mines), al-Masudi had written that Khaskhas Sa'ied Ibn Ibn Aswad, a Muslim explorers of Cordova, Spain, successfully reached the American continent at 889M.

Al-Masudi explained, during the reign of Caliph Abdullah Ibn Muhammad (888-912M) in Andalusia, Khaskhas sail from Port Delbra (Palos) in 889, crossed the Atlantic to reach a foreign country (al-ard majhul). Upon returning from a foreign continent, he took home the amazing stuff, which probably derived from the new continent then berama America.

Since then, the cruise penetrate the Atlantic Ocean when it was known as the "sea of dark and foggy", are increasingly being carried out by Muslim traders and explorers. Literature is the most popular essay Dr. Yossef Mroueh in Prepatory Committee for International Festivals to Celebrate the Millennium of the Muslims Arrival to the America in 1996. In the essay entitled Precolumbian Muslims in America (Muslims in America Pre-Columbus), Dr. Mroueh shows a number of facts that Muslims from West Africa Anadalusia and arrived in America at least five centuries before Columbus.

In the mid 10th century, during the reign of the Umayyad Andalusia: Caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III (929-961M), Muslims from Africa sailed west from the port Delbra (Palos) in Spain penetrate "dark and foggy ocean". After disappearing for some time, they returned with a treasure of the country "unknown and strange". In the cruise, there are a number of Muslims who live settle in the new country. They are the first wave of Muslim immigrants who arrived in America.

Still according to Dr. Mroueh, based on notes historian Abu Bakr Ibn Umar al-Gutiyya, who lived during the reign of Caliph Hisham II (976-1009) in Andalusia, explorer of Granada named Muhammad Ibn Farrukh left the port of Kadesh, in February 999. M.Farrukh across the Atlantic Ocean, landed at Gando (canary Islands) and a visit to the King Guanariga. He continued his voyage to the west, to see two islands and named by Cpraria and Pluitana. He returned to Andalusia in May 999 AD

Al-Sharif al-Idrisi (1099-1166), an expert in Geography and expert making of the map, in his book Nuzhat al-Musytaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq (Excursion of the missed approach towards Ufuk) writes, a group of Muslims from North Africa sailors sailing approach towards ocean dark and foggy. The expedition set out from Lisbon (Portugal), was supposed to get answers to what lies behind the ocean?, What extent and where the limit ?, So they find a land where people are farming.

Sailing across the Atlantic from Morocco also noted by explorers Sayn-eddin Shaikh Ali bin Fadhel al-Mazandarani. The ship took off from the port anchor Tarfay in Morocco during the Sultan Sidi Abu Yacoob Yossef (1286-1307M), the sixth ruler Marinid Caliphate. This expedition entourage landed in Green Island in the Caribbean Sea in 1291. according to Dr. Mroueh, travel records sailors Morocco is widely used as a reference by Muslim scientists in the upcoming era.

Sultans of the Kingdom of Mali in West Africa, with its capital Timbuktu, is also conducting exploration until it landed in the Americas. Chihab historian Abul Abbas Addin Ahmad ibn Fadl al-Murai (1300-1384), wrote a note about the geography of Timbuktu, which is the time that it has been a center of civilization and the city is quite advanced in West Africa.

Sea expedition started from Timbuktu, among others, performed by Sultan Abu Bakari I (1285-1312M) who is the brother of the Sultan Mansa Kankan Musa (1312-1337M0. Sultan Abu Bakar I made two expeditions to penetrate the Atlantic Ocean and landed in America. Even , the ruler of West Africa had a chance down the Mississippi River, and reached the interior of Central Africa between the years 1309-1312. During his time in this new continent, the explorer is still communicate in Arabic with the locals. Two centuries later, precisely in 1513, the discovery of America this is enshrined in the color map called Piri Re'isi. this map is dedicated to the Ottoman Caliph, Sultan Selim I, in 1517 in Turkey. this map berii accurate information about Courant western hemisphere, South America, and the coast of Brazil. Piri was actually is the official name of the sea as well cartographer Ottoman empire, which serve the Turkish empire Utsmanimasa reign of Sultan Salim (1512-1520) until the reign of Sultan Suleiman al-Qanuny (1520-1566). Mat "Reis" (derived from the Arabic Raais, which means chief or head), is given in the relevant Piri after winning the sea battle against Bendeqia.

Piri Reis who bertarikh 1513 AD was recorded in Tobco Serai / Top Coffee, and then in 1929, subject to review by a German orientalkis Prof. Paul Kalhe which spread in the Congress of Oriental Studies at Leiden in 1931. To honor his work, the Turkish government to preserve it becomes stamps Piri Reis map was

Muslims As inventor of the Americas (Sources and Western Perspective)  :

First.

In his book Saga America (New York, 1980), Dr. Barry Fell, archaeologists and linguists New Zealand nationals graduated from Harvard University showed evidence of detail that centuries before Columbus, had settled the Muslims of North Africa and West in beua America. No wonder the public language and Algonquain Pima Indians have some vocabulary from Arabic.

In Inyo Courant state and California, Dr. Barry found some Islamic calligraphy written in Arabic, one of which read "Jesus, son of Mary" which means "Jesus, son of Mary". Calligraphy can certainly come from the teachings of Islam which only recognizes the prophet Jesus as the son of man and not a child of God. Dr Barry stated that the age of this calligraphy several centuries older than the United States. Even further, Dr. Barry found the ruins, the remains of equipment, paper, diagram, and some of the illustrations on the rocks for education in Islamic schools. Writings, diagrams and illustrations of this are the subjects of mathematics, history, geography, astronomy and sea navigation. Everything is written in Arabic Kufi of North Africa.

The discovery of the remains of Islamic schools is found in several locations such as the Valley of Fire, Allan Springs, Logomarsino, Keyhole, Canyon Washoe, Hickison Summit Pas (Nevada), Mesa Verde (Colorado), Mimbres Valley (New Mexico) and Tipper Canoe (Indiana ). Islamic schools is expected to function in 700-800 AD The same description written olh Donald Cyr in his book Exploring the Rock Art.

Second.

In his book Africa and the Discovery of America (1920), an expert in the history of Harvard University, Loe Weiner, wrote that Columbus was actually well aware of the presence of the Muslims were scattered in the Caribbean, North America, Central and South America, including Canada. But unlike Columbus who want to dominate and enslave the Native Americans, Muslims come to trade, assimilation and intermarriage with people Iroquis and Algonquin Indian tribe. Columbus also admitted, in a voyage between Gibara and Beaches Cuba, October 21, 1492, he saw the mosque stands on a hill with beautiful. Today, the ruins of mosques that have been discovered in Cuba, Mexico, Texas and Nevada.

Third.

John Boyd Thacher in, Christopher Colombus book published in New York, in 1950, showed that Columbus had written that on Monday, October 21, 1492, while sailing near Cibara, Courant southeast coast of Cuba, he saw a mosque on top of hill beautiful. Meanwhile, in a series of anthropological research, anthropologists and archaeologists did find the ruins of several mosques and minarets and the verses of the Koran in Cuba, Mexico, Texas and Nevada.

Fourth.

Clyde Ahmad Winters in his early Islam in North and South America, which published the publisher of Al-Ittihad, July 1977, page 60 countries, an anthropologist who conducted a study has found an inscription in Arabic in the Mississippi Valley and Arizona. Inscription explains that the first Muslim immigrants also brought elephants from Africa.

While Ivan Van Sertima, known for his work They Came Before Columbus, find common ground to build the architecture of a Native American with African Muslims. Being in another book African presence in early America, Muslims have also underlined their settlement in Africa before the arrival of Columbus in America.

Fifth.

German historian, Alexander Von Wuthenan also provide evidence that the Muslims were in America in 300-900 AD That is, Muslims already in Amertika, at least half a century before Columbus was born. Evidence in the form of a human head shaped wooden carvings similar to the Arabs expected chiseled 300 and 900 AD Some other wood carvings were photographed and researched, it has similarities with the Egyptians.

Sixth.

One book by Gavin Menzies, a former sailor who published the results of its search, find maps of four islands in the Caribbean that were made in 1424 and signed by Zuanne Pissigano, cartographers from Venezia, which has been translated into Indonesian. This map means made 68 years before Columbus landed in America. Two of the island on the map is then identified as Puertorico and Guadalupe.

Henry Ford in his book The Complete International Jew, there is footage that explains how the real condition of the Muslims at the end of Muslim rule in Spain, which suffered tremendous torture, and how of the torture eventually there is no escaping the entourage of Columbus to America. In the book can be summarized as follows:

Colombus journey begins August 3, 1492, a day after the fall of Granada, the last stronghold of Muslims in Spain. In a fight to the death, 300 thousand Jews were expelled from Spain by Ferdinand Christian king. In addition, this book tells how the struggle of Jewish fundraising to support Columbus's voyage and the nature of the voyage to escape the Spanish Jews to America. But there are some who deliberately unpublished information, namely that Columbus brought the two ships, the Pinta and the Nina. Both ships are assisted by Muslim brother captain. Pinta ship captain Martin Alonso Pinzon with, and Nina ships with skipper Yanex Vicente Pinzon. Both use Spanish but they really still family Moroccan Sultan Abu Zayan Muhammad III (1362-1366) that controls the Caliphate Mariniyyah (1196-1465). Such information is also found in the book by John Boyd Thacher, Christopher Columbus, New York, 1950.

Field Observations and Perspectives of Indigenous CHEROKEE.

When we opened the most advanced US-made map Rand McNally and examine the names of places. Almost in all parts of the continent will find traces of the Muslims long before Columbus. In the middle of the city of Los Angeles for example, there is the Alhambra area, El-Morro bay and al-Amitos and names such as Andalusia region, Attilla, Alla, Aladdin, Albany, Al-Cazar, Alameda, Alomar, Al-Mansor, Almar, Alva , Amber, Azuredan La Habra.

In the middle of America, from the south to Illinois are the names of the city of Albany, Andalusia, Attalla, Lebanon and Tullahoma. In Washington state there is the city of Salem. In the Caribbean (derived from the Arabic Qariiban) and the Central American region are named Jamaica, the island of Cuba (from the Quba) with its capital Havana (from La-Habana). Also the names of the island of Grenada, Barbados, the Bahamas and Nassau.

In South America there are names like Cordova city (in Argentinma), Al-Cantara (in Brazil), Bahia (Brazil and Argentina). Furthermore, there are names such as the Appalachian mountains (Afala-che) on the east coast and the mountains Absarooka (Abshaaruka) on the west coast. Major cities in the state of Ohio, located at the mouth of the river Wabash long and meandering named Toledo, the name of the famous Islamic University in the heyday of Islam in Andalusia.

According to Dr. Youssef Mroueh, in North America there are 565 place names, both states, cities, rivers, mountains, lakes and villages are named after the name of Islam or the root word of Arabic. The rest, as many as 484 names are in the United States and 81 in Canada. The names given by the natives who have been there before Columbus set in America.

Dr. A. Zahoor also wrote that the name of this part of the country such as Alabama is derived from the word of God Bamya. The name comes from the state of Arkansas says Arkan-Sah and Tenesse of Tanasuh. Also the name of a big city like Tallahassee, Florida, is derived from an Arabic word which means "God will give you something in the future".

Dr Mroueh also wrote, some of the names on record is the name of the holy city of Mecca as in Indiana. Medina is the most popular name in America. Medina found in Idaho, Medina in New York, Medina and Hazen in North Dakota. Medina, Ohio, Medina in Tenesse. Medina in Texas with a population of 26 thousand inhabitants. Medina in Ontario Canada, city of Mahomet in Illinois, Moda in Utah and Arva in Ontario Canada.

When Columbus landed in the Bahamas, October 12, 1492, the island was already named Guanahani by its inhabitants. Guanahani is derived from the Arabic word ikhwana (brother), then taken to the language Mandika (Islamic empire in western Africa) which means "brothers Hani family place". But then Colombus be "arbitrarily" gave him the name of San Salvador, and depriving the island from the original owners.

Today, if we visited Washington, and had visited the Library of Congress (Library of Congress), and asked the US government archives treaty with the Cherokee Indian tribe, one of the leading Indian tribes, 1787. In the archives in fact be found signatures Chieftains Cherokee at the time, named Abdel-Khak and Muhammad Ibn Abdullah. Cherokee tribal name itself is thought to originate from the Arabic Sharkee

The contents of the agreement include the right to establish its presence in the field of trading the Cherokee tribe and tribal government that turns based on Islamic law. Furthermore, you will find women dressed in the habit of Cherokees who closes the genitals, while wearing his turban (turban) and the garment off at the knees.

This dress code can be found in the photo or painting Cherokees who were photographed prior to the year 1832. The last Cherokee chief before slowly disappeared or was removed from the US mainland is a Muslim named Ramadhan Ibn Wati.

Regarding the Cherokee script is then examined, explored and revived by a figure of modern Cherokee named Sequoyah, is that there are similarities between the Cherokee alphabet called Syllabari with Arabic script. Even some old relic sculptural Cherokee in Nevada, it has some similarities with Arabic script.

Even more surprising is, it turns linkages Islamic / Arabic not only with the Tribe Cherokke, but also with other Indian tribes, such as the Anasazi, Apache, Arawak, Arikana, Chavin Cree, Makkah, Hohokam, Hupa, Hopi, Mahigan, Mohawk, Nazca , Zulu and Zuni. Some Indian chiefs reassure also typical corang Islamic headgear. For example, the head of the Chippewa tribe, Creek, Iowa, Kansas, Miami, Potawatomi, Sauk, Fox, Seminole, Shawnee, Sioux, Winnebago and Yuchi. This is evidenced in the photographs between 1835 to 1870.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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About Meteor.

Meteor is a small celestial bodies with the very large and the path around the Sun is not fixed. Meteor is made of stone and iron fragments split from asteroids and comets. Meteors can be attracted by the gravity of the earth so that entry into the Earth's atmosphere. When it enters the atmosphere, friction with the air meteor so glowing and looks like a shooting star. Meteors are not burned in the atmosphere will fall on Earth's surface and cause a big hole or crater. Meteor that fell to Earth are called meteorites. If a meteor that fell numerous, the earth will experience a meteor shower as happened in France in 1803

Scientists believe that a huge meteor crashed into Earth about 65 million years ago. These events lead to the enormous dust cloud caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. In Arizona (USA) there is a crater with a diameter of 1.2 km and has a depth of 170 m which is believed by experts as the crater formed by meteorite which has a diameter of 80 feet (1 foot = 30 cm) at 20000-50000 years ago.

The difference between the Comet Meteor?

There is some space objects capable of causing damage to the earth.

Two of them are large comets and meteoroids.

If both the celestial body to pound the earth, there will be tremendous disaster.

Many experts believe that one of the main causes of the extinction of the dinosaurs was due to a large meteor striking the earth.

There are a number of differences between comets and meteors, both from the general composition as well as their role in the universe.

Comets are celestial objects believed to be primarily composed of space dust and frozen gases.

The birthplace of the comet is located in a very remote place has nothing to do with our solar system altogether.

A general comet orbits the star, like the sun, with a very elongated orbit shape.

When the comet approaches the stars, most of the ice core melt from the heat, leaving a long trail of dust that we see as the tail of a comet. Comet orbit cycle can take up to millions of years.

Meteor does not have an orbit around the sun as comets.

Meteors are still in space called meteoroids. Only when a meteoroid enters the Earth's atmosphere it can be called a meteor.

Because it does not have the orbit like a comet, meteor does not have a period of 'visits' fixed to the earth.

The arrival of a comet can be predicted, but a meteor could enter the Earth's atmosphere at any time of the day or night.

Not all of the comet can be seen with the naked eye, but during a meteor shower, we could witness a meteor flashes of light that meets the night sky.

A comet generally also have a name for identification, such as Swift-Tuttle, Hale-Bopp, or Comet Halley.

A large asteroid may have a name, but not by a meteor.

While the comet is composed of space dust, organic matter, and ice, meteors generally contain metals such as iron, together with inorganic minerals such as quartz.

Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, meteoroid, meteorite, Dan Minor Planet. What's the Difference?

Asteroids and Comets (Asteroid and Comet)

Asteroids is a relatively small celestial bodies and inactive. Body structure composed of rock, carbon, and metal. Just like other celestial bodies, he also orbiting the sun.

The comet is a celestial body that is relatively small and sometimes active. Body structure composed of dust and ice. When close to the sun he would seem to have formed the tail of gas and dust. The comet tail phenomenon occurs due to radiation from the sun and wind on the comet nucleus. Therefore, when the comet was near the sun then he will issue a tail while in the position away from the sun does not issue a tail. So at the position away from the sun it is very difficult to distinguish between comets and asteroids, because both do not have a tail.

Note also that if a comet that orbits the sun had long then over time the material that forms the tail of gas and dust will run out or evaporate. So that it would resemble comets asteroids. Such comets are called extinct comet (extinct comet).

Unlike the comet, asteroid is thought to originate from inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than from the outside (outer solar system).

The purpose of the outer solar system is the solar system that was once the orbit of Jupiter, while the inner solar system, located next to the orbit of Jupiter. So that the planet is located next to the orbit of Jupiter said inner planets (planets in) and are located outside said outer planets (planets outside).

So in conclusion, a striking difference between comets and asteroids that for a while was on his tail. If comets have tails while asteroids do not have tails. 

Meteoroids, Meteor, and Meteorites (meteoroid, Meteor, and Meteorite).

A meteoroid is a solid object that is / moving in interplanetary space, with a size smaller than an asteroid and larger than an atom or molecule. A meteoroid is derived from the ruins of comets and asteroids that orbit the sun. Sometimes there is also meteoroids from other celestial bodies, such as planets and even months.

A meteoroid that enters Earth's atmosphere which resulted in her hot and luminous called the "meteor". Meteor is also called a shooting star. While meteoroids are able to reach and hit the ground at the Earth's surface is called the "meteorite".

Ruins meteoroid asteroids and comets say, when it enters the Earth's atmosphere and looks radiant, it is called a meteor, and if it is able to hit the surface and ground called meteorites.

Minor planets (Minor Planet)

Minor planets are celestial bodies in orbit around the sun is not planets and comets. From this definition means that the asteroid is included minor planets. The first minor planet discovered was Ceres, Ceres in 1801. It is also known by most large asteroids. Ceres is also called a dwarf planet (dwarf planet), and can also be mentioned as an asteroid. So the more general term minor planets which include asteroids in it.

Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnarnobambang86@gmail.com

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About Satellite.

Satellite is an object that orbits another object with a certain period of revolution and rotation. There are two types of natural satellite and the satellite artificial satellite.
Natural satellite is a celestial object is not man-made orbiting a planet or other object that is larger than themselves, such as the moon is a natural satellite of Earth. Actually, this terminology also applies to planets around a star, or even a star around the galactic center, but it is rarely used. Earth itself is actually a natural satellite of the sun.
Artificial satellite transmission medium which is the main function receives the signal from the ground station and continue to another earth station.
Several explanations satellite understanding both natural and artificial satellites satellites.

Discussion.

Artificial satellites are man-made objects that orbit around other objects such Palapa that surrounds the Earth.
If the station in the heading is located opposite to the location used as a relay satellite, the satellite will emit a signal to other satellites that are not located opposite to the destination station
Satellites orbiting at an altitude of 36000 km above the earth have orbital angular velocity equal to the Earth's orbital velocity.

History.

The first man-made satellite was Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and start the Russian Sputnik program, Sergei Korolev with as head of design and Kerim Kerimov as his asistent. This triggers the launch of space race (space race) between the Soviet and American.
Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of the upper atmosphere by measuring the change in orbit and provide data on the distribution of the radio signal in the ionosphere layer. Because the satellite body is filled with high-pressure nitrogen, Sputnik 1 also provided the first opportunity in the detection of meteorites, because the pressure loss caused by the penetration of meteroid can be seen through the data sent to the earth's temperature.
Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and carried a crew of the first living creature into orbit, a dog named Laika.
In May, 1946, the Project Rand issued a Preliminary design for experimental spacecraft to encircle the world, stating that, "a satellite vehicle that contains the appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be a powerful tool for the science of the twentieth century". Americans are already thinking to launch orbiting satellites since 1946 under the Office of the US Navy Aeronotis (Bureau of Aeronautics of the United States Navy). Project RAND US Air Force finally issued the above report, but did not believe that the satellite was a potential military weapon; However, they regard it as a tool for science, politics, and propaganda. In 1954, the US Defense Sekertari stated, "I am not aware of any single American satellite program."
On July 29, 1955, the White House announced that the United States would be willing to launch a satellite in the spring of 1958. It was then known as Project Vanguard. On 31 July, the Soviets announced that they will launch a satellite in autumn 1957.
Following pressure from the American Rocket Society (Rocket America), the National Science Foundation (national Science Foundation), and the International Geophysical Year, increased interest of the armed forces and in early 1955 the US Air Force and Navy work on Project Orbiter, which uses vehicle Jupiter C to launch a satellite. This project was a success, and Explorer 1 became the first American satellite on January 31, 1958.
In June 1961, three and a half years after the launch of Sputnik 1, the US Air Force to use various facilities of Space Eye Network of America (the United States Space Surveillance Network) to catalog number 115 satellites orbiting the earth.
The largest man-made satellite currently orbiting the Earth is Interasional Space Station (International Space Station).

Working Principle Satellite.

Satellite is a relay station that hung in the sky. Called a relay station for the main function is to relay satellite signals originating from the earth. The signals received from the earth shifted first new frequency is then transmitted back to earth. So basically the satellite contains a frequency translator circuit, ie a circuit which consists of the receiver, and transmitter frequency slider.

Signals sent from Earth to reach the satellite will go through the path (path) so much space so that the signal will suffer attenuation (free space path loss) is very large. This attenuation due to the nature of the electromagnetic wave radiation radiating in all directions (such as an expanding ball) so that the signal strength will weaken proportional to the square of the distance which he passes. In addition, the distance it would seem more distant to the signal wavelength shorter.

This attenuation is very large so that the signals received at the satellite is very weak. So that's a very weak signal can be transmitted back to earth with sufficient transmit power, it takes a series of terraced amplifier. At the first level of the signal is amplified by the gain of the receiving antenna. The output of the antenna, which is still very weak and then amplified again with LNA (Low Noise Amplifier). Once the level is sufficient, this signal is then fed into the mixer circuit-1 to be shifted in frequency to the frequency of the L-Band.

Shift to lower frequency signal level, so that the signal must be amplified again at this stage. After a sufficient level, a signal is fed back to the mixer-mixer for frequency is shifted again to the operating frequency (frequency down link). At this stage, the signal is amplified again by the driver amplifier and then amplified by the HPA (High Power Amplifier) so obtained are quite large emittance. In the final stage, the signal is then amplified again by the transmitter antenna to produce what is referred to as EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power). The amount of EIRP is then by satellite beamed back to earth.

Frequency shift frequency translation did not alter the value of the information contained in the signal. So even though in the satellite signal frequency in the shear twice, but the information contained in it is still intact (not changed). Therefore, it becomes clear that the satellite function in this case is only relaying signals from the earth and then transmitted back to earth again.

Twice the frequency shift is intended to obtain a very high gain. For amplifying the signal at the working frequency will cause the amplifier is oscillating (signal output back into the input). To avoid this from happening, the signal must be amplified at a frequency different work. In the picture (3) is shown an example that the total gain of the satellite is about 170 dB. The gain of this magnitude would be extremely difficult to obtain when the amplifier works on a working frequency. Therefore the signal amplification is done in 3 different frequencies. The first signal is amplified at the Rx frequency (using LNA). Then the frequency is shifted to the L-Band and strengthening both performed at this frequency. Furthermore, the frequency of the signal on the slide again to the Tx frequency and amplified again (by HPA) to achieve the desired transmit power. In this way it will obtain a very high total gain.

Strengthening the signal from the receiver antenna, LNA, the HPA to the antenna transmitter called Gain Satellite. The amount of gain satellites have been designed such that the signals received from the earth capable of producing maximum transmit power according to the capacity installed in the satellite HPA. Power output of the HPA further reinforced by the antenna in order to obtain a high EIRP. Because the signal emitted by the satellite to the Earth will experience a very large damping. Just picture eg down link frequency used is 4 GHz = 4,000 MHz, then the amount of damping in the direction of Down Link is:

L-down = 32.4 + 20 + 20 log log 36,000 4,000 = 32.4 + 91.1 + 72.0 = 195.5 dB

Down-link attenuation is very large, so that the signals received on Earth is also very weak. That is why it takes a pretty big gains in the receiving station on Earth so that the information contained in the signal can be detected back. If the quality of the received signal is not in accordance with the requirements, then the transmit power on the sending side needs to be enlarged. In this way it will automatically power emitted by the satellite is also enlarged. The increase in satellite transmission power is a linear function of the increase in the sender's transmission power. For instance, if the transmit power on the sending side is increased 3 dB, then the transmit power satellites will also rise 3 dB. If increased again 10 dB, the transmit power at the satellite will also rise 10 dB. And so on until at a point where the increase in satellite transmission power is no longer linear. At this point the satellite transmit power has exceeded the linear limit. Therefore, the addition of power on the sending side should not be arbitrary. There are certain limits that should not be exceeded. This is what is referred to as Power Limitted, meaning that the satellite has a limited transmit power.

If the transmit power on the sending side can no longer be raised, while the received signal is still not in accordance with the requirements, then the only way is to increase the diameter of the receiving antenna. The larger the diameter of the receiving antenna, the better, because the system will be more sensitive receiver, it means more capable of receiving weak signals. However, the greater the diameter of the antenna will require a larger area, large size is clearly not practical and the price is also definitely more expensive. Therefore the calculation of the transmit power on the sending side and the magnitude of the diameter of the antenna at the receiver side should be calculated correctly. For that there is some parameter that needs to be known. Satellite parameters such as G / T, Saturated Field Density (SFD) and EIRP and contour maps or foot print is generally provided by the operator / owner of the satellite to its customers, so that each customer can count themselves anything they need. If the transmit power on the sending side can no longer be raised, while the received signal is still not in accordance with the requirements, then the only way is to increase the diameter of the receiving antenna

Satellite type.

Astronomy satellite.

Satellites are used to observe planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects.

Satellite communications.

Is an artificial satellite mounted in space with the goal of using radio telecommunications at microwave frequencies. Most communications satellites use geosynchronous orbit or geostationary orbit, although some new type using low Earth orbiting satellites.

Earth observation satellites.

Satellite is designed specifically to observe the Earth from orbit, such as reconnaissance satellites but intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making, etc.

Satellite navigation.

Are satellites which use radio time signals transmitted to the receiver on the ground to determine the location of a point on the surface of the earth. One of the very popular satellite navigation is the GPS of the United States but it is also the Russian Glonass. When the line of sight between the satellite and the receiver on the ground there is no interference, then with a satellite signal receiver (GPS receiver), can be obtained position data in a place with a few meters of accuracy in real time.

Spy satellites.

Are Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or spy.

Solar power satellites.

Is a proposed satellite made in high Earth orbit that use microwave power transmission to beam solar power to very large antenna on Earth where it can be used to replace conventional energy sources.

Space station.

Is a man-made structures that are designed for human habitation in space. The space station is distinguished by other spacecraft by the absence of the main spacecraft propulsion or landing facilities, and other vehicles are used as transport to and from the station. Space stations are designed for medium-term living in orbit, for a period of weeks, months, or even years.

Weather satellites.

Satellites are primarily used to observe the Earth's weather and climate.

Miniature satellites are lightweight and small satellites. The new classification is made to categorize these satellites: mini satellites (500-200 kg), micro satellite (under 200 kg), nano satellite (under 10 kg).

Type of orbit.

Many categorized on altitude orbit satellites, although a satellite can orbit at any altitude.

Low Orbit (LEO Low Earth Orbit): 300-1500 kilometers above the Earth's surface.

Orbit Medium (Medium Earth Orbit, MEO): 1500-36000 km.

Geosynchronous orbit (Geosynchronous Orbit, GSO): approximately 36 000 km above the Earth's surface.

Geostationary Orbit (geostationary orbit, GEO): 35 790 km above the Earth's surface.

Orbit (High Earth Orbit, HEO): over 36000 miles.

The following orbits are special orbits that are also used to categorize satellites:

Molniya orbit, the satellite's orbit with a period of 12-hour orbit and inclination of about 63 °.

Sunsynchronous orbit, the satellite's orbit with an inclination and a certain height that always crossed the equator at the same local clock.

Polar orbit, the satellite orbit that crosses the polar

Satellite Made in Indonesia  :

Satellite Lapan-A1 / Lapan-TUBSAT.

- Orbiting on January 10, 2007.

- Launched in India

- The first satellite made in Indonesia. Was estimated to be 10 years.

- Produced by 18 engineering Indonesia in Berlin, Germany and led the team from the Technical University of Berlin (TU-Berlin)

- Can be controlled from the ground.

- Function: earth observation satellite (earth observation), mastery of technology, and monitoring (surveillance).

- Record performance: monitoring the longest bridge construction, monitoring the progress of Mount Merapi, Mount Bromo and Mount Cisadane. Photographing major cities and airports of space.

Satellite Lapan-A2 / Lapan-Orari.

- Plan in fielding two months.

- Contrived in Indonesia by Indonesian experts

- Launched in India in collaboration with the Indian space agency (ISRO), because Indonesia does not have a satellite rocket launcher.

mission:

a. Support disaster management

b. Digital cameras are attached can be directed photographing the moon and space environment

c. Traffic monitoring shipping and ship navigation through the data AIS (Automatic Identification System)

d. Observation (surveillance) earth with PAL video camera coverage of 80 km.

Satellite Lapan-A3 / Lapan-IPB.

- Plan in fielding in 2013.

- Most likely still be launched in India.

- Artificial experts in Indonesia

- Mission:

a. Improvement of the quality of disaster mitigation satellite Lapan-A2

b. Provide medium resolution satellite data 17 meter multispectral 3 bands on the affected area.

c. Being a communication tool orari wider, and replace the damage potential of mobile telecommunications since the brunt of the disaster.

Satellite Lapan-B1

- Plan in fielding in 2015

- Designed to support agriculture and food security programs.

- Being able to predict the season rice crop production, growth fields, irrigation, growth of plantations, as well as monitoring the increase and decrease in water reservoirs.

Satellite Satellite Tele-Education

- Unclear orbital plan.

- Used to support distance learning

- The incorporation of quality education from urban to rural.

- Including the distribution of health-related data, cleanliness, from urban to rural.

5 largest natural satellites ever invented by man are: Ganymede (Jupiter), Titan (Saturn), Callisto (Jupiter), Io (Jupiter), and Moon (Earth).

Satellite Applications.

Satellite Imagery.

This image was taken at infrared wave band and describe the relative temperature / warm or cold objects observed by weather satellites. Low clouds generally warmer temperatures and is relatively close to the earth's surface and the deep blue s / d light green, while the clouds into cooler are generally higher peak orange clouds s / d pink light. This infrared image is very useful to detect the clouds in both the time of day or night.

This image was taken at wavelength bands that are sensitive to water vapor content in the atmosphere. The bright white color illustrates the moisture content (moist air), blue indicates areas with high humidity and / or ice crystals in clouds. While the brown color indicates low air humidity / moisture content of water. No water vapor imagery is very important to determine the areas where the air content of wet steam / water high and detect mass flow circulation / air in the atmosphere.

Potential rainfall (rainfall Qualitative estimate).

Observation time in UTC / GMT (GMT = UTC + 7)

Animation Image 6 Last Hour

The following animation shows the growth and movement of clouds. In this image, the clouds shown is a cloud with a smaller peak temperature of zero degrees Celsius. Peak temperature gets colder clouds (indicated by color more white), the higher the potential for rain.

From the above explanation we get the conclusion that the satellite is divided into two natural satellites and artificial satellites. Where, some of which are natural satellites Ganymede (Jupiter), Titan (Saturn), Callisto (Jupiter), Io (Jupiter), and Moon (Earth). And also discusses artificial satellites including satellite Lapan-A1 / Lapan-TUBSAT, satellite Lapan-A2 / Lapan-Orari. 

A description of the working principle of the satellite we can also understand that serves to relay satellite signals originating from the earth. The signals received from the earth shifted first new frequency is then transmitted back to earth. So basically the satellite contains a frequency translator circuit, ie a circuit which consists of the receiver, and transmitter frequency slider. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com

author:

http://schema.org/Personal.

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name: Bambang Sunarno.

http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/12/about-satellite.html

DatePublished: December 2, 2014 at 18:33

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