Remembering Joe Frazier.

The former world heavyweight boxing champion Joe Frazier died . The news in the mass media only small and only as necessary . Preaching the death figure of Apple , Steve Jobs , much larger scale. Maybe ex- boxer in his day called Smokin ' Joe is already forgotten.

Though Joseph William Frazier (January 12, 1944-7 November 2011) was one of the world heavyweight boxing legend. His name can be equated with other legends such as Joe Louis, Jack Dempsey, Rocky Marciano, George Foreman, Mike Tyson, even Muhammad Ali. Ruler of the world heavyweight boxing ring this time, the brothers Klitschko (Vitali and Wladimir) at least still need time to be aligned with the legend above. 

Frazier is a boxer -type slugger ( progressive persist ) .

Boobing rely solely defense, weaving, ducking even. No dictionary backwards !. And often crochet hook his opponent 's chin so as to make his opponent reeling .

Boxing gold medalist from the 1964 Tokyo Olympic heavyweight is indeed a very famous thanks to his rivalry with Muhammad Ali and George Foreman.
3 This was a successful competitor as an amateur career (Ali holder of the light heavyweight gold medal in Rome 1960 Olympic Games, and Foreman, heavyweight gold winner in Mexico 1968).

's Noise heavyweight world when it was. 

Heavyweight is the belle of the show in the professional boxing ring. The hubbub started when a Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.. (Who would soon change their name to Muhammad Ali) captured the WBC belt heavyweight champion Sonny Liston on February 1964. Not long after he won the WBA champion Ernie Terrell. This title unification makes it a true champion in the weight class.
What would Ali deliberately refusing conscription U.S. Government, when the Vietnam War raged. Ali jail and license revoked his fist, then lost his title (1967). Joe Frazier's title February 1970 after a TKO in round 5 win over Jimmy Ellis.

Ali vs. Frazier I. 

The return of Ali in the boxing ring directly confronts these 2 champions at Madison Square Garden in March 1971 were massive advertised as the "Fight of the Century". Ali and Frazier are both yet to lose (Frazier 26 wins-23 knockouts, Ali 31-25). The game runs a tight 15 rounds and Ali recorded his first defeat, albeit with a thin figure. Joe Frazier defend his belts.

Frazier vs. Foreman. 

January 1973 in Kingston, Jamaica, a newcomer, George Foreman knocked Frazier is spectacular 6 times in 2 rounds of the game completely unbalanced. Style slugger Frazier became an easy target for hard knocks Foreman's superior height and reach of the hand. Referee Arthur Mercante decide the match ended with a TKO in round 2, 1:35 minutes, after seeing the blood oozing from the mouth Frazier. George Foreman holds a new heavyweight champion.

Ali vs. Frazier II. 

A year later, in January 1974, Ali and Frazier met again to compete for quota match against the defending champions. Before the game was held, in a press conference after the weigh-in ceremony, the two boxers engage caused fights at Ali who always mocked his opponent as "Gorilla". The match is again held at Madison Square Garden, New York, this time won by Ali, albeit with slim figures also.

Ali vs. Foreman. 

Finally Ali opportunity to challenge the world champion come back again. The match, dubbed the "Rumble in the Jungle" held in Kinshasa, Zaire (now Congo). October 1974.
Aware of the power and youthfulness Foreman, Ali left the usual style on display, dancing like a butterfly and sting like bees. Ali just protecting himself with a double cover tightly and leaned on the ropes and let Foreman beat and tortured him in the early rounds. Then tactics that he called himself a "rope a dope" physically draining Foreman's success. In round 8, in a counter-attack, jab Ali managed to make Foreman knocked down without being able to get up again.
Ali won the heavyweight championship belt a second time.

Ali vs. Frazier III. 

Quezon City, Metro Manila, October 1975 to witness the match to Ali vs. Frazier 3. Frazier Ali as champion and challenger. The game is often referred to as the best game of all time is the climax of the fierce competition between the two. Thrilla in Manila!.
In this game entirely abandon his trademark style Ali and Frazier serve in short-range combat fast, hard, rough and brutal throughout the full 14 rounds. In round 12, Frazier's face is already swollen, does not allow her to see perfectly. But he did not give up. Round 14, Frazier had run out of gas, but he still persisted to the end of the round, though became the butt of Ali. Frazier's trainer, Eddie Futch, the condition boxers surrender immediately throw in the towel before the bell rang round 15. It is then very regrettable Frazier. Ali also left the ring on a stretcher due to fatigue.

Joe Frazier did not know the word surrender. 

In Kingston Jamaica, George Foreman instead told him, it was so not how could "Stay down, Joe. It's over! ". Foreman crushing final blow to the chin knocked Frazier protective gear and body lifted off the mat. Joe Frazier was dropped like a wet rag, but soon rose again to continue the match.
Liver cancer is also not making it up. The Giver of Life , who decide .

Joe goodbye! 

So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished : April 02, 2014 at 20.21
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You know Muhammad Ali.

Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay as, Jr.. At (born in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, January 17, 1942, age 72 years) is a retired boxer United States. In 1999, Ali was awarded the "Sportsman of the Century" by Sports Illustrated.Ali three-time World Champion Boxing weight class.
Ali was born in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. His name after the name of his father, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr.. Ali later changed his name after joining the Nation of Islam and eventually embraced Sunni Islam in 1975.

Flashback. 

Similar is this?

January 17, 1942: Born Cassius Marcellus Clay named GEPEN-K Bane, Jr.. Cassius Marcellus Clay's father, Sr.., a painter of billboards (billboards) and traffic signs and mother Odessa Grady Clay, a clothes washer.
At the age of 12 years, Clay, jr. report to the police named Joe Martin, that his new BMX bike stolen. Joe Martin, who is also a boxing coach at Louisville, Clay taught how to fight small in order to beat the bike thieves. Small Clay are excited to practice boxing under the guidance of Martin.
1960: Reaching for the light heavyweight gold medal in 1960 Olympics in Rome, Italy.
October 29, 1960: first debut in the professional ring. Win a 6 round decision over Tunney Hunsaker.
February 25, 1964: Taking the world heavyweight title with a TKO win round 7 of 15 rounds are planned over Sonny Liston in Florida, United States. Liston suffered an injury to the neck which made him resign from the game.
Immediately after the win over Liston, Clay proclaimed religion and his new name, Muhammad Ali, as well as her entry in kelompook controversial Nation of Islam. (In the biography of Ali, which was launched in 2004, Ali admitted that he had not joined the NOI, but joined the congregation of Sunni Islam in 1975.
May 25, 1965: a rematch between Ali fight Liston is full of controversy. Ali punches so quickly led to speculation among boxing punches calling Ali as the 'phantom punch'. The blow was so fast, so it does not appear on a fallen Liston. Many developing issues, including bribes and threats the NOI against Liston and his family, but Liston denied it all saying Ali hit him with a hard punch.
1967 - 1970 Ali Boxing Commission suspended for refusing conscription U.S. government during the Vietnam war. Famous expression in rejecting this draftee, "I have no problem with the Vietcong, and none of the Vietcong who call me Nigger!"

March 8, 1971, Ali lost to Joe Frazier in the numbers of New York, and had to surrender his title.
October 30, 1974: Rumble in the Jungle. Ali reclaim the heavyweight title after WBC and WBA in Kinsasha subvert George Foreman, Zaire in round 8.
October 1, 1975: Thrilla in Manila. President Ferdinand Marcos brought the match Ali vs. Fraizer III to the city of Manila, Philippines. Ali won in a 14 round TKO game is very fun and exciting, even referred to as one of "the best boxing match of the century". Frazier finally gave up exhausted and not want to continue the game at the break ahead of round 15. After that, when going to an interview with a television, Ali dropped from exhaustion, after resting a few minutes, the interview can be done, but Ali had to sit on the bench because it was exhausted.
15 September 1978: Ali defeated Leon Spinks with numbers 15 rounds in New Orleans. Ali established himself as the first boxer to win the heavyweight championship 3 times.
6 September 1979: Ali declared to resign from boxing, and declared the title vacant.
October 2, 1980: Ali returned to the ring, against former rival fellow trainer, Larry Holmes, who has become the world heavyweight champion in a game called "The Last Hurrah". In a one-sided match, Ali was not able to move slightly, while Holmes looks not bear to 'kill' Ali helpless. Ali gave up and resigned in the 11th round, Holmes declared TKO win.
Mentioned, the medical report conducted at the Mayo Clinic, Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's syndrome symptoms such as shaking hands, talking that started slow, and there are indications that there is damage to the lining (membrane) in the brain Ali. But Don King's secret medical outcomes, and the match Ali vs. Holmes continued.
Before the match against Larry Holmes, Dr.. Ferdie Pacheco, who had been the personal physician accompanying Ali for decades, was forced to resign because Ali would not listen to his advice to reject the game against Holmes, and prefer to play against Holmes. In one biography of Ali, Pacheco suggested that during exercise Ali was urinating blood due to kidney damage a blow, he also argued that Ali already had symptoms of Parkinson's syndrome since before this match.
After the match, re-do the medical checks, and the results corroborate the previous results.
December 11, 1981, once again Ali is aging, trying to get back into the world of boxing against Trevor Berbick in the Bahamas in a game entitled "Drama in Bahama". Under conditions of old, Ali is able to perform better than against Holmes, although eventually losing the 10 rounds. After this match, Ali actually retire from boxing.

Muhammad Ali in Indonesia. 

Ali first set foot on Indonesian soil in 1973. On October 20, 1973, Ali 'punish' his opponent, Rudi Lubbers, during a 12-round heavyweight match without a degree in Senayan, Jakarta. By the Indonesian public and the press, the match Ali vs. Lubbers mentioned as an exhibition match, but in fact this is an official game, though not for the title.
The first impression of a visit to this country in 1973 was "A unique country, where the people were very friendly, and always smile to anyone."
After several visits to this country, Ali retired from boxing last set foot on Indonesian soil on October 23, 1996, and had met top officials of the country.

Family. 

First wife: Sonji Roi (married on August 14, 1964, but divorced on 10 January 1966 by Ali considers Roi no Islamic dress).
Second wife: Belinda Boyd (be Khalilah Ali after marriage), married on 17 August 1967. They have 3 children, Jamilah and Rasheda (twin daughters) and Muhammad Ali, Jr.. Ali and Belinda Belinda found eventually divorced because of an affair with Veronica Porsche Ali Anderson. In the documentary film Ali ("When We Were Kings") is shown Belinda 'confront' Ali in the ring, Ali vs. Foreman ahead of the match in Zaire, 1975. In 1977, Ali and Belinda officially divorced.
In 1977 also, Ali is married to Veronica Porche Anderson (better known as Veronica Ali), and has two daughters Hanna and Laila Ali. Laila Ali is eventually decided so the boxer woman, and later became the world women's boxing champion. Ali and Veronica remained a couple until now.

Laila Ali. 

Laila Ali modeling in the 2011 Heart Truth fashion show
The data themselves.
Super middleweight class, 72.5 kg.
Reach 1.79 m
Nationality American
Born December 30, 1977 (age 36)
Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.
Orthodox Style
Note the match
Total match 24
Win 24
21 knockouts
Lost 0
Draw 0
Without contest 0
Amaria Laila Ali (born December 30, 1977) is a former boxer from the United States.
He was born to Muhammad Ali and his third wife, Veronica Ali, and Ali is the youngest daughter.
He followed his father's footsteps as a boxer.
She began her career as a boxer at the age of 15 years and entered the Super middleweight 72.5 kg class.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished : April 02, 2014 at 19.13
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Did you Car Fueled Nuclear Power ?

Each gram of thorium has the energy equivalent of 28 390 liters of petrol .
Search of alternative fuels continue to do as continuing depletion of oil reserves . In fact , the scientists in the research and development firm Laser Power Systems has developed a fuel of nuclear power for the car .
The fuel system uses an electric generator turbine driven thorium -based laser ( light radioactive metal with an atomic weight of 90 ) . The principle works is very simple . Thorium is used to generate heat that produces steam in a closed cycle .
The steam then drives generators . Because it only takes a thin sheet of aluminum foil to prevent leaking radiation , so the mini reactor is very safe to use as a vehicle power plant .
According to its inventor , Charles Stevens , each gram of thorium has the energy equivalent of 28 390 liters of petrol . With 8 grams of thorium could run the average car for 5,000 hours or the equivalent mileage of 480,000 miles or over the life of the ideal vehicle itself .
Previously , Cadillac had introduced a thorium -powered concept car at the Chicago Auto Show 2009 designed by Lorus Kulesus .
The vehicle does not have a nuclear power plant reactor from Thorium is actually functioning . However , General Motors has thought of an interesting idea to create and show off this car concept .
So , thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/did-you-car-fueled-nuclear-power.html
DatePublished : March 31, 2014 at 17.27

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Tag : Did you Car Fueled Nuclear Power.

Nuclear power plant.

Society knew the first nuclear power in the form of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II in 1945.
Similarly, the enormity of the consequences caused by the bomb so that its influence can still be felt to this day.
In addition, as the ultimate weapon that powerful, long time people have been thinking about how to harness nuclear power for the welfare of mankind.
Until now, nuclear power, radioactive substances in particular have been widely used in various fields including industry, health, agriculture, animal husbandry, sterilization of pharmaceutical products and medical devices, food preservation, the field of hydrology, which is the application of nuclear techniques for non-energy. One of the use of nuclear techniques in the field of energy are now grown and used on a large scale in the form of nuclear power plants, which use nuclear power to generate electricity is relatively inexpensive, safe and does not pollute the environment.
Use of nuclear energy in the form of a Nuclear Power Plant was developed commercially since 1954. At that time in Russia (USSR), built and operated a pressurized light-water nuclear power plant units high (VVER = PWR) that a year later reached 5 MWe power.
In 1956 in the UK developed NPP Gas Cooled Reactor types (GCR + gas-cooled reactor) with a power of 100 MWe.
In 1997 around the world in both developed and developing countries have operated as many as 443 units of nuclear power plants spread across 31 countries, contributing around 18% of the world's electricity supply with a total power generation reached 351 000 MWe and 36 units of nuclear power plants are under construction in 18 countries.

Differences Conventional Power Plants (PLK) with NPP. 

In conventional power plants, water is evaporated in a kettle through
combustion of fossil (oil, coal and gas). The resulting cash flows to a steam turbine that will move when there is pressure steam. Turnover then used to drive a turbine generator, so the power will be generated.
Fuel power plants with coal, oil and g as having the potential to cause environmental impact and fuel transportation problems of the mine to the power plant site. The environmental impact of fossil fuel combustion can be a CO2 (carbon dioxide), SO2 (sulfur dioxide) and NOx (nitrogen oxides), and dust containing heavy metals.
The biggest concern in electricity generation with fossil fuels is that it can lead to acid rain and global warming increase.
NPP operates on the same principle as PLK, only heat is used to generate steam is not generated from fossil fuel combustion, but the core is generated from the cleavage reaction of fissile material (uranium) in a nuclear reactor. The heat energy is used to generate steam in the steam generator system
(Steam Generator) and then the same as in the PLK, steam is used to drive turbingenerator as powerhouse. As commonly used heat transfer water is circulated continuously during operation of nuclear power plants.
The power generation process does not relieve the smoke or dust containing
heavy metals are discharged into the environment or release harmful particles such as CO2, SO2, NOx into the environment, so that the nuclear power plant is environmentally friendly power plants. Radioactive waste resulting from the operation of nuclear power plants is in the form of spent fuel elements in solid form. The spent fuel elements may be temporarily stored on site prior to the storage of nuclear power plants in a sustainable manner.

On Nuclear Physics. 

The heat is used to generate steam produced as a result of fission of atomic nuclei that can be described as follows;
If one neutron (produced from neutron source) caught by one core
uranium-235 atoms, atomic nuclei will be split into 2 or 3 sections / fragments.
Most of the energy original binding fragments are each in the form of kinetic energy, so that they can move at high speed.
Because the fragments are in the crystal structure of uranium, they can not move away and immediately slowed his movements.
In the process of this deceleration kinetic energy is converted into heat (thermal energy).
As an illustration, it can be argued that the thermal energy generated from
cleavage reaction of 1 kg of uranium-235 is a pure magnitude of 17 billion kilo calories,
or equal to the thermal energy generated from the combustion of 2.4 million kg
(2400 tons) of coal.
Besides fragments of the cleavage reaction also produces 2 or 3 neutrons are
released at speeds greater than 10,000 miles per second.
These neutrons are called fast neutrons are able to move freely without being hindered by the uranium atoms or atoms of the cladding. To make it easier
captured by the nuclei of uranium atoms to produce a cleavage reaction,
The neutron speed should be slowed.
Substances that can slow down the speed of neutrons is called a moderator.

Water For Throttling Neutron (Moderator) 

As already mentioned above, the heat generated from the cleavage reaction, by which pressurized water 160 atmospheric temperature of 300 degrees C and is continuously pumped into the reactor through the reactor coolant channels. Water circulates in the cooling channels not only serves as a cooling alone but also acts as a moderator, as a medium that can slow neutrons. Fast neutrons will lose some of its energy during mashing hydrogen atoms. Once the speed of the neutrons down to 2000 m per second, or equal to the speed of the gas molecules at a temperature of 300 degrees C, only he is capable of splitting the nuclei of uranium-235 atom. Neutrons that have been slowed called thermal neutrons.

Controlled Chain Reaction Core division. 

To obtain a steady thermal output, needs to be guaranteed that the number of reactions core division that occurs in the reactor core is maintained at a fixed rate, which is 2 or 3 neutrons produced in the reaction only one who can continue the cleavage reaction.
Other neutrons can escape out of the reactor, or absorbed by other materials without cleavage reaction or absorbed by the control rods. The control rods are made of materials that can absorb neutrons, so the number of neutrons causes
the cleavage reaction can be controlled by adjusting the exit or entry of the control rods into the reactor core.

In connection with the above description it should be underlined that  ; 

a. Fission chain reaction is possible only if there is a moderator.
b. The content of uranium-235 in nuclear fuel is 3.2% maximum.
The content is very small and evenly distributed in the isotope uranium-238,
so it is not possible fission chain reaction is uncontrolled in
therein.

Radiation and Results Hemisphere. 

Fragments produced during the cleavage reaction is called the core parts of the result, which is mostly in the form of radioactive atoms such as xenon-133, krypton-85 and iodine-131. This radioactive substance decays to other atoms with radiation emits alpha, beta, gamma or neutron.
During the decay process, the emitted radiation can be absorbed by other materials inside the reactor, so that the energy released turns into heat.
This heat is called decay heat will continue to be produced even though the reactor stopped operating. Therefore, the reactor is equipped with an exhaust system decay heat. In addition to the parts, the reactor also produced other radioactive materials as a result of neutron activity. This occurs because the radioactive material other materials inside the reactor (such as cladding or structural materials) so that the neutron capture turned into another radioactive element.
Radioactive is the main source of harm from a nuclear power plant, therefore all NPP safety systems designed to prevent or inhibit the release of radioactive substances into the environment with activities that exceed the threshold value permitted under applicable regulations.

Nuclear Safety. 

Various security measures taken to protect the health and safety
the public, workers and the environment NPP reactor. This effort is made to ensure that the resulting radioactive nuclear reactor is not released into the environment either during surgery or in the event of an accident.
Protective measures taken to ensure that nuclear power plants can be stopped safely any time if desired and can remain on hold in a secure state, ie obtain sufficient cooling. For this decay heat generated must be removed from the reactor core, they may cause hazards due to over heating of the reactor.

Safety is attached. 

Safety plugged designed based on the natural properties of water and uranium.
When the temperature in the reactor core rose, the number of neutrons that are not caught or who did not experience the slowdown will increase, so that the reaction
reduced cleavage. As a result of heat generated is also reduced. The nature of this will ensure that the reactor core will not be damaged even if the control system fails operates.

Double barrier. 

NPP has a strict security system and multi-layered, so possibility of an accident and its effects are very small.
For example, radioactive substances generated during the fission reaction of uranium nuclei most (> 99%) will remain stored in the fuel matrix, which serves
as the first barrier.
During the operation and in the event of an accident, the fuel cladding will acts
as a second barrier to prevent the release of radioactive substances the exit of the cladding. In the case of radioactive substances can still be out of the
cladding, there is a third barrier is the cooling system. Regardless of the system
cooling, there is a fourth barrier pressure vessel made of steel with ± 20 cm thick. The fifth barrier is a concrete shield with 1.5-2 m thick.
When the radioactive substance is still no escaping the concrete shield, there is still a barrier sixth, the confinement system consisting of thick steel plate ± 7 cm and 1.5-2 m thick concrete airtight.
So during operation or in the event of an accident, radioactive substances actually stored in the reactor and are not released into the environment. Even if there is still a radioactive substance that despite the number has greatly reduced so that the impact on the environment does not mean.

Layered defense. 

The design adheres to the safety of a nuclear power plant falsah layered defense (defense in depth). This layered defense include: safety first layer, NPP
designed, constructed and operated in accordance with very strict conditions,
high quality and cutting-edge technology; safety second tier, NPP equipped with
system safety / safety is used to prevent and cope with the consequences of accidents that may occur during the life NPP and third-tier safety, nuclear power plant is equipped with a security system addition, which can be expected to occur at a nuclear power plant. However, the possibility of such an accident so it will never occur during the operation of nuclear power plants.

Radioactive Waste. 

During the operation of nuclear power plants, pollution caused by radioactive substances to the environment can not be said to exist. Sea or river water is used to carry heat from the condenser does not contain any radioactive substance, because it is not mixed with cooling water circulating in the reactors.
Radioactive gas that can come out of the reactor system remains confined in the system NPP confinement and has been through a ventilation system with filter layers. Gas is released through a chimney activity is very small (about 2 milicurie / year), so it does not impact on the environment.
In most of the nuclear power plant waste generated waste activity was low (70-80%). While the high-activity waste generated in the process of recycling spent nuclear fuel elements, so that when the fuel element mark is not recyclable, high-activity waste this amount is very small.
Low activity radioactive waste handlers, medium and high activity generally follow three principles, namely;
- Decrease the volume by evaporation, incineration, compaction / pressed.
- Rework into a stable form (either physical or chemical) to facilitate
in transportation and storage.
- Store the waste that has been processed, at an isolated place.
Wastewater treatment by evaporation / heating to decrease the volume,
then solidified with cement (cementation) or with a massive glass (vitrified) in a watertight container, resilient, for example made of reinforced concrete or stainless steel.
Solid waste management is to be reduced in volume through the process
incineration / combustion, further cemented his ashes. While the waste can not be burned minimized by compacting the volume / pressure and solidified in drums / concrete with cement. Medium solid waste that can not be burned in compaction or not, should be cut into pieces and put in concrete then compacted with massive cement or glass.
Further radioactive waste that has been processed is stored temporarily (10-50 years) in the waste storage warehouse watertight before being stored in a sustainable manner. Storage area in the valley sustainable chosen / special location, the geological conditions are stable and are not economically beneficial.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished : March 31, 2014 at 15.34
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Did you know Solar Power Generation.

History of Solar Power Generation is inseparable from the invention of silicon-based solar cell technology in 1941. When the Russell Ohl of Bell Laboratory observed polycrystalline silicon will form a buit-in junction, because of the effect of impurity segregation found in silicon melt. If the photon beam on one side of the junction, it will form a potential difference between the junction, in which electrons can flow freely. Since then research to improve the energy conversion efficiency of photons into electrical energy intensified. Various types of solar cells with various material and geometric configuration was successfully created.

Working Principle of Solar Cells.

The solar cell is a semiconductor diode that can convert light into electricity and is a major component in the Solar Power system.

In addition to the modules consist of solar cells, other components in the system is the Solar Power Balance of System (BOS) such as inverter and controller.  Solar Power is often equipped with batteries as power storage , so that Solar Power can still supply power when there is no sunlight .
Electric energy generation in solar cells based on the photoelectric effect occurs, also called photovoltaic effect, ie the effect caused by photons with specific wavelengths that if energy greater than the semiconductor energy threshold, it will be absorbed by the electrons so that the electrons move from the valence band
(N) to the conduction band (P) and left holes in the valence band, the next two payloads, namely an electron-hole pair, raised. Electron-hole flow that occurs when the load is connected to electricity through a conductor will generate an electrical current.

Types of Solar Cells. 

Judging from the material concept of the crystal structure, there are three main types of solar cells, the solar cells based monokristalin, poly (multi) crystalline and amorphous. These types have been developed with a wide variety of materials, for example silicon, CIGS, and CdTe.
Based on the chronological development, solar cell solar cells differentiated into the first, second, and third. The first generation is characterized by the use of a silicon wafer solar cell as the basic structure; utilizes second generation material deposition technology to produce thin layers (thin film) which can act as solar cells, and the third generation is characterized by the use of bandgap engineering technology to produce high-efficiency solar cells with stackes tandem or multiple concepts.
Most solar cells are produced first-generation solar cell, which is about 90% (2008). In the future, the second generation will be more and more popular, and will eventually get a bigger market share. European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) estimates thin film market share will reach 20% in 2010. The third-generation solar cells are still in the stage of research and development, has not been able to compete on a commercial scale.

Assessment of Solar Cells Manufacturing Investment in Indonesia. 

Economics of solar cell manufacturing in Indonesia is done by taking into account the availability of the supply of silicon wafers as the main raw material, the optimum production capacity, market potential, cost factors, and the impact and benefits that can be generated from solar cell plant construction projects.
Examples of incentive schemes to build the domestic market:

1. Subsidies. 

Subsidies can be given directly to the manufacturers of solar cells or supporting device makers Balance of System (BOS) that the price of solar cells along with the BOS can afford.
The implementation of the subsidy would be more effective if in Indonesia there are solar cell industry, both the manufacture, assembly, and industrial BOS.
For rural electrification, the government can provide subsidies for regions or villages that receive aid solar cells with only burden the rural communities with electricity tariffs are far below normal (not free)

2. Feed-in tariff. 

Feed - in tariff is the price paid by the state electricity company when purchasing electricity from power generation of renewable energy at a price set by the local government . Feed - in tariff is another incentive that aims to increase the use of electricity from renewable energy sources , one of which solar cells .
The existence of public infrastructure that allows users to sell solar cells to power companies such as Electricity Company . The house with the concept of BIPV is given a connection to the local electricity network , not to take electricity from the state electricity company but to drain ( or " sell " ) electricity to the National Electricity Company .

3. Giving credit. 

Credit program of solar cells is accompanied by a feed - in tariff program , so the loan repayment time aided by the absence of income from the sale of electricity from the power company to the house .
Cost analysis method
Method to assess the financial feasibility of solar cell plant is done by using the "discounted cash flow" conventionally, ie by determining the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), and Payback Period.
Assumptions and calculations basic conditions.
Assumptions and basic conditions regarding the calculation of the capacity factor of production, the cost of the initial investment, the need for supporting materials, electrical power requirements, labor requirements, needs engine repair and maintenance, the cost of production (GPP), and sales projections.

The results of calculation and cost analysis. 

From the calculation of the cost to build the plant is known that polycrystalline silicon solar cells with a capacity of 25 MWp / year requires an investment of Rp.670 billion.
Calculation of Project Profitability (in dollars)
The results of the cost analysis with the assumption that all applicable demonstrated: IRR = 17.18%, NPV = 63,037,225,027, Payback Period = 7 years. It can be concluded that the solar cell plant investment is financially feasible considering that the various assumptions and conditions as this study was not prepared to change.
With solar cell production capacity of 25 MWp / year, the solar cell industry will be able to meet the needs of the domestic market (assuming the market share is 50%). For the production capacity needed supply of raw materials (polycrystalline silicon wafer) a minimum of 12,016,342 pieces / year.

Sun For Solar Power Plant in Indonesia. 

Utilization of solar energy as an alternative energy source to solve the energy crisis, especially petroleum, which occurred since the 1970s gets considerable attention from many countries in the world. In addition to an unlimited amount, utilization also does not cause pollution that can damage the environment. Light or sunlight can be converted into electricity using solar cells or photovoltaic technologies.
The main components of solar power generation systems using photovoltaic technology is the solar cell. Currently there are a lot of solar cell manufacturing technology. Conventional solar cells are already commercially today use crystalline silicon wafer technology production process is quite complex and expensive. In general, the conventional solar cell manufacturing process begins with the purification of silica to produce solar grade silica (ingot), followed by the cutting of silica into silica wafers. Furthermore, silica wafers are processed into solar cells, and solar cells arranged to form a solar module. The last step is to integrate the solar modules with the BOS (Balance of System) into a system of power plant. BOS is supporting components used in the power plant systems such as inverters, batteries, control systems, and others.
Currently the development of Solar Power Generation in Indonesia has had a strong enough base of the aspects of the policy. However, the implementation phase, the potential is there has not been optimally utilized. In technology, industrial photovoltaic (PV) in Indonesia only able to perform on stage downstream, which manufactures solar modules and integrate it into a Solar Power Plant, while the solar cells are still imported. Though solar cells are a major component and the most expensive in the Power system. Prices are still high become an important issue in the development of the solar cell industry. Various solar cell manufacturing technology continues researched and developed in the framework of efforts to reduce the production cost of solar cells in order to compete with other energy sources.
Given Indonesia's electrification ratio reached 55-60% and almost the entire area is not electrified rural areas far from power plants, the Solar Power Plant to be built in almost any location is very appropriate alternatives to be developed. In the period 2005-2025, the government has planned to provide 1 million Solar Home System with a capacity of 50 Wp for low-income and hybrid 346.5 MWp solar power to remote areas. Until 2025 the government plan would be about 0.87 GW of Solar Power capacity installed.
Assuming a market share of up to 50%, the solar energy market in Indonesia is large enough to absorb the output of a solar cell factory with a capacity of up to 25 MWp per year. It is certainly a great opportunity for the local industry to develop its business to solar cell manufacturing.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author :
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http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/did-you-know-solar-power-generation.html
DatePublished : March 31, 2014 at 13.51

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Who Can Prevent Mercedes.

Start on Second Order Vettel at the Malaysian GP .
Lewis Hamilton again rule the qualifying session . After seizing pole position at the Australian Grand Prix ( 16/3 ) , the British driver was back to being the fastest in the qualifying session of the Malaysian Grand Prix at the Sepang Circuit .
It is evidence that suggests that Mercedes is so steady at the start of the season and difficult to stop .

At the Australian GP , Nico Rosberg won the race . And today at the Malaysian Grand Prix , he started in a pretty good position , which is in third place . A positive note for Hamilton , because after going through the challenges of a wet track at Sepang he was able to break the record .
Now he is in the ranks of the largest pole -winning record , equaling Jim Clark and Alain Prost with 33 times .
He's behind only Michael Schumacher ( 68 ) , Ayrton Senna ( 65 ) and Sebastian Vettel ( 45 ) . While reaching the pole , Hamilton admitted pouring rain complicate any rider to spend his best .
Significantly reduced visibility making it difficult to understand the situation that happened on the track .
" I can not see anyone in the rearview mirror . I do not know where they are , " he said .
It was raining very heavy indeed , even had to postpone qualifying until the closing 50 minutes .
The safety car many times around the circuit to ensure that the track is safe. Only Rosberg who just note the progress of the current track conditions deteriorated .
Sebastian Vettel failed to even devour the last lap , though the results do not affect the record time .
Even so , it's good enough for Sebastian Vettel as the start of the second order .
" I'm a little uncomfortable with tek very wet , especially in braking .
But still nice to start in the third position . Very long race tomorrow ( 30/3 ) , "he predicts .
The rain also resulted in two incidents involving four riders.
Fernando Alonso ( Ferrari ) and Daniil Kvyat ( Toro Rosso - Renault ) experienced a bump due to poor visibility .
" I did not see it coming. I think he ( Kvyat ) aggressive maneuvering when visibility is poor , " said Alonso, who said he was happy to start in the fourth position .
Racers had to be ready to fight in the super wet track , because today the weather forecast shows rain will continue to fall, perhaps up to 80 percent , there is even a chance of thunderstorms with winds up to 15 kilometers per hour .
So , thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author :
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/+BambangSunarnoKatang.
name : bambang sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/who-can-prevent-mercedes.html
DatePublished : March 31, 2014 at 12.13

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Make Stinging fierce weather.

Of the Sixth fastest, Rosberg Superior 0.2 Seconds.
Mercedes still be the fastest in Malaysian GP practice session at the Sepang Circuit. Morning, Lewis Hamilton was fastest followed by Nico Rosberg.
In the second session, Rosberg's turn to be the fastest with a time of 1 minute 39.909 seconds.
However , the speed of the Mercedes was not too convincing in the first series in Australia two weeks ago .
In the second session ahead of Rosberg just 0.035 seconds ahead of Kimi Raikkonen, even with Felipe Massa (Williams-Mercedes) who was sixth fastest, 0.203 seconds ahead of Rosberg only. Hamilton himself in the second session to be the fastest fourth and 0.142 seconds adrift of Rosberg.
Why so fast chasing Mercedes opponent? Rosberg stated, it is because the heat is so oppressive at the Sepang Circuit. Temperatures on the track to break even 50 degrees Celsius.
If at first the engine will suffer because of the character of the circuit, yesterday found that the tires are more tormented.
The heat is so oppressive to make tires out faster. Even some riders to twist due to a sudden loss of control.
In the morning and afternoon sessions, respectively Hamilton once spun off the track. The same thing happened Ferrari, Fernando Alonso.
Rosberg said his team enough surprise with tire degradation levels yesterday.
With so oppressive heat, the tire is very fragile because it is basically already abrasive character of the Sepang circuit on tires.
"We do not expect this kind of tire degradation.'s A really tough day, and very hot," said Rosberg told Reuters.
Conditions abrasive on the tires, Rosberg according to the chosen strategy can make any rider more varied, it could be the drivers who are in front of the grip when using the soft start but no better than the drivers behind the use of the medium tire.
However , it will not make Rosberg took off pole position . He will struggle to win the maximum pole .
"Pole position is invaluable. Starting the race in pole position always give you an advantage," he said.
Meanwhile, Hamilton is not too concerned about the tire issue. It was, according to the British rider is always happening at Sepang.
"Something like this every year. Temperature is very hot and the tires can not work optimally in such conditions," said Hamilton.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author :
http://schema.org/Personal.
http://plus.google.com/+BambangSunarnoKatang.
name : bambangsunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/make-stinging-fierce-weather.html
DatePublished : March 31, 2014 at 11.21
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