Swinger phenomenon.

Do not imagine the actors swinger who entered the age of three heads . Now their younger , wilder and more tempting !
Short message into the phone of a friend while we were relaxing in the lobby of a five star hotel in South Jakarta area . It was brief , " There's a new kid want to follow the party . Tomorrow in Anyer . " My friend smiled as he handed me his cell phone.
When reading a message that I do not quite understand what he meant .
A week later , in my FB account there was a message from my friend's . He talked at length about the " party " is defined in the SMS the other day he showed me .
"The wildest party I've ever experienced," said my friend started the conversation. In a cottage in Anyer , he did solo swingers with another couple whose age still deserves to be called as a student .
Swinger party is planned attended the three pairs each of which will swap partner to then have sex with other couples . Interestingly , one of the pair is still quite a young age . " They're one of the students in private universities in Surabaya . Incidentally vacation to Jakarta again and wrote all our party , "said my friend chuckled .
If my friend and her partner are aged above three heads , so different from the other couples in the swinger party . " They're still in college , and they told me had some friends who are also happy swingers . Sometime not invited to Jakarta to play I'll be along, "said my friend again . I could only shake his head to hear .
Swinger may sound strange word in my head . But the strangeness of it soon paid off when a friend managed to provide a contact number one swingers enthusiast . She immediately called her cell phone and handed it to me for the next few minutes talking about swingers . " Maybe three or four years ago , swinger is synonymous with exchange of sexual partners among men and women who are married . There is even a swingers club in Jakarta, which requires its members to marry before him partying . But now , many teenagers also why the swinger . I am well acquainted with some of them . And remember , they are not CSWs ( commercial sex workers ) but really like the sensation in swinger , "said the resource person from the other line .
According to him , it is different from the swinger sex in general . " Swinger involves a sense of trust and its own fantasy when we participate in it . We trust each other so that sex was not only about lust . There are different sensations and feelings while doing so , " said the man who declined to mention the name of the original .
A nightclub in West Jakarta , is often used as a gathering place for lovers of swinger couples . " We often meet there . For swingers themselves are not certain when the routine was held . Usually when it's equally suitable then we can go to find room . Young couples are usually more hot . They are very open minded and impress wild , "said the source speaker .
Among the perpetrators , the phenomenon seems to have begun venturing swinger younger age . If the first is identical to the swinger couples who have entered the age of maturity , the trend now seems to shift . The age range of the two head into the middle age are often found in pairs swinger . " It's a lot of demand right now are still young . If I am not concerned about age . As long as we are compatible and like , yes do it , "said informants had ended the chat .
Talk history , swinger is not a new phenomenon . Since centuries ago the literature have described the behavior of the exchange of sexual partners . Even today in Europe , at least a thousand registered active swinger club activities. For Europe, the swinger is more emphasis on married couples and looking for new sensations in a physical relationship . Their median age 31 years for women and 34 years for men . Even the actors admitted swingers there " ritual " if sex is different from the usual . They consider more private swinger and conducted specifically with its official partner .
On the African continent the exchange recorded pair also exist.
While in Australia , Warramunga tribes have similar rituals with each other to have sex with his neighbor 's wife . Then the Southern American continent , namely Brazil and Venezuela also have similar things in life practice tribal hinterland.
In Indonesia this phenomenon back swingers warm when airings case Satria Piningit Waten sect flow lane early 2009 . This sect believed to swingers fellow members as a means to communicate with his god . Interestingly , the people in the interior of Papua has a habit similar to swingers . The procession of a man sleeping with his wife alternately siblings . The wife is doing it voluntarily as a service to the tribal and primitive religion that was followed .
Along with the development of technology , which is becoming excessive freedom also targeting the younger generation , especially in big cities . Behaviors that used to be part of the primitive tribes living and rural communities as if surfacing and loved the urban. " Sparkling hedonistic world is gnawing mentally and manners vulnerable young children . Especially those living in big cities , they are more quickly receive the information technology and personality filters though sometimes they are not ready , " said Sigit JT , an observer of the urban lifestyle .
" Talk about swingers , it's hard to say if this has become a way of life before there is valid research it. If there is already evidence for example, 50 percent of young people liked and active in it , this new alarming . More precisely we can say as an urban phenomenon , as it occurs and overrides the urban community . likely they are momentary thrill seekers who engage in short- term physical relationship . Seeing this trend it could have young children become actors in it , " added the man who also taught at an off campus in West Jakarta .
So what exactly is the swinger ? In definitf it more or less means is sex between men and women with multiple partners simultaneously and then exchange sex partner or partners in the group . " Swinger tend to be done by married couples or lovers who want to feel the sensation of a different sexual behaviors . Swinger is not done by people who simply know or just met but made ​​a solid couples . If you are just trying to be solid and not even be a problem . Such pairs include feelings suspect . Though swingers just looking for entertainment and a grand sense of a sexual activity , " says psychologist Ismed Surachmad .
Although no limit of age , the perpetrators generally more desirable by swingers party among young executives . Although it can not be beaten flat but the players usually are among the well-established economic strata . Clear goals to be achieved is a fantasy adventure full of sex and sensation . That's the reason they were supposedly could feel the joy of this feast .
Try to open the internet and use a search engine with keywords swinger . Within seconds it will come out the various links and internet sites linked to swingers . If you use a more specific keyword swinger Indonesia , there is also little or group of links that discuss or promote various clubs associated with it.
Furthermore according to Ismed , moral boundaries are increasingly blurred and added complexity urban life being fertile ground for such hedonistic practices swinger . " But it is not a justification for free to do the things that are not commendable . Due to the worst , then will be the ones who only see the swingers sexual activity as a way to perform sexual variation , and the result could have been worst affected by AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases . It's sad and ultimately tantamount to sexual freedom , " he said .
On the one hand , clearly illustrates the decline swinger moral norms and boundaries in community life. While on the other hand also become a trend swinger urban acted by mostly small urban communities . Although the public is increasingly indifferent and self-centered life , but it does not mean that smoking behavior can be justified as swingers." It helps us remember back eastern values ​​. Living in the East can not be equated with the West . Hedonic behavior is likely to harm and often brings on the generation of moral degradation culprit . Do not get us lost generation due to an increasingly pluralistic age eroded this , " said Sigit again .
Now of course all back to us . Glorifies the ego and the momentary satisfaction or return values ​​" obsolete " old-fashioned sound in the ear . All up to us , with the consequence that each knows its mouth .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: March 07, 2014 at 18:44

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Tag ; Swinger phenomenon.

Aborigines.

Australia is the sixth largest country in the world in terms of size, is smaller when compared with Russia , Canada , China , United States , and Brazil. Australia is the smallest continent, while the largest is Asia which covers 44,614,000 square kilometers. Humans inhabit Australia already since a long time . Australia 's original inhabitants called the Aborigines . In Latin the word ' Aborigine ' has the meaning ' from the beginning ' .
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander is a tribe of Indigenous Australians . They 've lived and maintain both the Australian homeland for nearly 60,000 years using the legal system and their own government . That said , they settled on the smallest continent for thousands of years ago . But then they were displaced by the nation's immigrants are more " intelligent " than white Europeans.

Aborigines in Australia .

One of the famous culture of the Aborigines are often hunting weapons they use , the Boomerang . This weapon is unique because once thrown away , to return again , these weapons are often used for hunting in the woods or desert savannah . In everyday life Aborigines spend it on hunting wild animals such as kangaroos ( typical Australian animals ) , in addition to using Boomerang they also use traditional weapons such as spears and arrows .
In the winter when the Aborigines use clothing made from kangaroo leather . For Aboriginal people who still live traditionally , they have never known farming and raising livestock , which is why the group they never go far from water sources and rivers . Residence was still nomanden or move , he made the house is very simple and only made ​​of twigs and leaves in the bunk .

In social life among the tribe, a group of Aborigines headed by a chief, the chief also doubled as a shaman or healer, and co-led the customary rituals and weddings.
Aboriginal people themselves are divided into many groups according to the area they live in , including the Aboriginal Bama in the region of Queensland , Aboriginal Koori in the New south Wales and Victoria , Aboriginal Murri in southern Queensland region , Aboriginal Noongar in the south western part of Australia , Aboriginal Nunga in region of southern Australia , Aboriginal Anangu in the region near the border of southern and western Australia , and Aboriginal Palawah who lived on the island of Tasmania . Most Aboriginal communities are Aboriginal Anangu which has 32.5 % of the entire population of Aboriginal people in Australia , but if calculated overall with an Aboriginal Australian population numbered only 517,000 souls and if the percentage is only 2.3 % .
Physically , the Aborigines as Papuans : dark skin and curly hair , but now has been changed , sure brown skinned and curly haired . Originally they have the same land . Scientists say , due to the natural process of moving , the mainland was then separated . To the south into Australia . While on the mainland north of the island of Papua entering into Indonesian territory . Fit with the name Australia is derived from the word " Australis " which in Latin means " south" , while the Dutch call " Australische " which has the same meaning . The dark -skinned tribes then separate .
Both are undergoing their own destiny in a different country . In both Indonesia and Australia because they are hard exist retardation . Apparently , differences in skin color that is striking in the southern mainland aborigines make less fortunate. Immigrants in Australia are smooth skinned natives were not treated appropriately.
At the time of the Commonwealth of Australia was established on January 1,
1701 , for example , aboriginal tribes are considered part of the fauna .
Had been a discrimination of the people of Europe against Aborogin rate, even Aborigines often regarded as the Fauna / animals, but the current discrimination gradually softened, and one political strategy for Aboriginal problem is with the process of assimilation among whites and black Aborigines. This makes a lot of mixed marriages of their children is no longer black, even to the next generations getting together with white Europeans.
Aboriginal children were forcibly separated from their families and then placed in an orphanage for " bleached " . Most later taken care of by the whites as workers or helpers . Boys collected to be used as free labor on remote farms . They were severely punished when not doing something wrong or unpleasant . Just like apartheid , apparently also determined by the fate of the aborigines of skin color . Hence the term " the stolen generation" which makes now the Prime Minister of Australia , Kevin Rudd , apologized .
In early 2006, the Australian government never pushed the issue of ethnic extermination of the population of Papua by Indonesia. Out of nowhere the issue develops, local media proclaim massively. Herman Wanggai, pimpian Papuan separatists who receive a visa Australia said, hundreds of thousands of Papuans have been killed exhausted. Although it was said like that, Wanggai could not prove his words. Moreover, when human rights activists trace the report also found no massacre. Many believe, this Australian politics to discredit Indonesia in international eyes. Australia seemed to want to shed the "sin" in Indonesia over the treatment of the dark-skinned tribe. Because it is not proven, the allegations seemed to backfire for Australia over the treatment of aboriginal tribes.

But Australia's view gradually soften and make room for the natives after the
( supposedly ) a lot of murder .
The trick is somewhat unique : Australia set a political assimilation to mix the two types of human beings who have a different skin color it .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: March 07, 2014 at 18:16

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Tag : Aborigines.

Neurotransmitter Dopamine.

Parkinson's disease (English : paralysis agitans , Parkinson's disease) is a neurological degenerative disease first discovered in 1817 ( An Essay on the Shaking Palsy) by Dr . James Parkinson . with symptoms such as tremors at rest, difficulty to start the movement and muscle stiffness . Parkinson's affects about 1 in 250 people over the age of 40 years and about 1 in 100 people over the age of 65 years .

Pathophysiology .

The cause of Parkinson's disease is the lack of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the nervous system .

If the brain ordered an activity ( eg, lifting the arm ) , the nerve cells in the basal ganglia will help soften the movement and regulating changes in posture . Basal ganglia signal processing and delivering the message to the thalamus , which will convey the information that has been processed back to the cerebral cortex .
Overall the signals delivered by chemical neurotransmitters as electrical impulses along nerve pathways and between nerves . Primary neurotransmitter is dopamine in the basal ganglia .
In Parkinson's disease , nerve cells in the basal ganglia deteriorated resulting in the formation of dopamine is reduced and relations with other nerve cells and muscles are also less. The cause of the deterioration and loss of dopamine nerve cells often is not known . This disease tends to be lowered , although sometimes genetic factors do not play a major role .
Sometimes the cause is unknown . In some cases , Parkinson's is a very advanced complications of encephalitis due to the virus ( an infection that causes inflammation of the brain ) . Another case occurs if other degenerative diseases , drugs or toxins affect or hinder the work of dopamine in the brain . For example, anti- psychosis medications are used to treat severe paranoia and schizophrenia inhibit the action of dopamine in nerve cells .

Diagnosis .

Clinical simtoma .

Parkinson 's disease begins as a vague and slow to develop .
From inspection can reveal any gait abnormalities ( slow and rude ) . Usually people complain tangnnya vibrating when resting , but not when then performed ativitas . In some patients found that hard tngan fingertips and bend into the rank is not normal ( which can be removed with common antiparkinsonian drug administration )
In many patients , the first Parkinson's appear as tremors ( shaking ) when the hand is at rest , the tremors will be reduced if the hand is moved deliberately and disappear during sleep . Emotional stress or fatigue may aggravate tremor . At first tremor occurred on one hand , on the other hand will eventually , arms and legs . Tremor also be on the jaw , tongue , forehead and eyelids .
In one third of patients , tremor is not an early symptom ; another tremor in patients with diminishing returns in line with the development of disease and the remainder had never experienced tremors .
Patients have difficulty in initiating a movement and muscle stiffness occur . If the forearm bent backward or straightened out by others, the movement feels stiff. Stiffness and immobility can cause muscle pain and fatigue . Stiffness and difficulty in starting a movement could cause trouble . Small muscles in the hand are often impaired , so that daily work ( eg, buttoning a shirt , writing and tying shoes ) more difficult.
Patients have difficulty in moving and often hobbled where his arm is not in accordance with the swinging stride . If the patient has started to walk , they find it difficult to stop or turn around . His pace quickened so as to encourage them to run small so as not to fall . Her posture becomes stooped and difficult to maintain a balance so that tends to fall forward or backward .
The patient's face becomes less expressive because the facial muscles to form the expression is not moving . Sometimes reduced facial expression is mistaken for depression , although there are many people with Parkinson's who end up depressed . The view looks empty with mouth open and his eyes rarely blink . Patients often ileran or choking because of stiffness in the muscles of the face and throat causing difficulty swallowing . Patients spoke very quietly and without accent (monotonic) and stutter because of difficulties in articulating his thoughts. Most of the patients had normal intellectual , but there also are becoming senile .

Treatment .

Potent drug (default) for Parkinson's is levodopa until now, its use has begun, although reduced because the side effects were found.
The drugs available options can not cure Parkinson 's disease , Amen can reduce symptoms or extend the time for people to be free from symptoms .
Following the discovery of kinom in humans , protein kinases have become the second most important priority in the effort to cure , therefore can be modulated by small molecule ligands . The role of kinases in the molecular trajectory neurons continue to be studied , but some of the main path has been found .
A protein kinase , CK1 and CK2 , was found to have a role that has not been known , the molecular pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Search specific organic compounds inhibiting this enzyme works on both , now has become a challenge in the treatment of the above diseases .
Parkinson's disease can be treated with various drugs , such as levodopa , bromocriptine , pergolide , selegiline , anticholinergics ( benztropine or triheksifenidil ) , antihistamines , antidepressants , propranolol and amantadine . None of these drugs that cure the disease or stop its development , but these drugs cause patients more easily perform a movement and prolong survival .
In the brain levodopa is converted into dopamine . These drugs reduce tremors and muscle stiffness and improve movement . Patients with mild Parkinson's I went back to normal activities and patients were previously bedridden became independent again .
The basic treatment for Parkinson's is levodopa - carbidopa . The addition of carbidopa is intended to improve the effectiveness of levodopa in the brain and to reduce the undesirable effects of levodopa outside of the brain . Consuming levodopa over the years can cause movement of the tongue and lips are not dikehendakik , grinning face , head nodding and arm and leg circles. Some experts believe that adding or replacing levodopa with bromocriptine during the first years of treatment could delay the emergence of movements that are not desired .
Nerve cells producing dopamine from human fetal tissue transplanted into the brains of Parkinson's patients can improve chemical abnormalities but not yet enough data on these measures .
To maintain mobility , patients are encouraged to keep doing their daily activities as much as possible and follow a regular exercise program . Physical therapy and the use of mechanical aids (eg wheelchairs) can help people remain independent.
Foods rich in fiber can help to overcome constipation due to lack of activity , dehydration and some medications . Additional food and stool softeners can help facilitate defecation . Feeding should be properly addressed because it can cause muscle stiffness sufferers have difficulty swallowing so can suffer from malnutrition ( malnutrition ) .

Levodopa .

Levodopa combined with carbidopa is the main treatment for Parkinson Provided with carbidopa to increase the effectiveness and reduce the side effects Start with a low dose , which further enhanced to the greatest effect was obtained after several years of use , its effectiveness can be reduced bromocriptine or pergolide At the beginning of treatment is often added to levodopa administration to improve the working of levodopa or given later when the side effects of levodopa raises new problems rarely given alone . Seleglin Often given as an adjunct to levodopa usage could increase the activity of levodopa in the brain . Anticholinergic drugs ( benztropine & triheksifenidil ) , certain antidepressants , antihistamines ( diphenhydramine ) In the early stages the disease can be administered without levodopa , in an advanced stage is given in conjunction with levodopa , began to be given in low doses can cause some side effects . Amantadine is used in the early stages of the disease who light In later stages is given to enhance the effects of levodopa may become ineffective after several months used alone

Adult stem cells .

Adult stem cells can be used to treat Parkinson's disease / Parkinson ' s disease ( PD ) for example is adult stem cells derived from bone marrow cells to replace neurons ( nerve ) of the brain damaged by Parkinson's disease .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: March 07, 2014 at 16:09

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Tag : Parkinson Disease.

Did you know Komodo Island.

Komodo Island is an island located in the Nusa Tenggara Islands . Komodo Island is known as a habitat for native animals dragons . The island is also the Komodo National Park which is managed by the Central Government . Komodo Island in the eastern island of Sumbawa , separated by Sape Strait .
Administratively , this island including the District of Komodo , West Manggarai regency , East Nusa Tenggara Province , Indonesia . Komodo Island is the most western tip of Nusa Tenggara Timur province , bordering the province of West Nusa Tenggara .
On Komodo Island , Komodo animals live and breed well . Until August 2009 , on this island there are about 1,300 dragons tail . Coupled with other islands , such as Island and Rinca and Gili Mota , their numbers totaled about 2500 tails . There are also approximately 100 individuals dragons in Wae Wuul Nature Reserve on the mainland island of Flores but not including the Komodo National Park .
Besides Komodo , this island also store a variety of exotic flora Sepang wood by local people used as medicine and dye clothes , this nitak tree or sterculia oblongata in the believe is useful as medicines and seeds are tasty and delicious like peas .
Komodo Island is also accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , because in the Komodo National Park , along with the island of Rinca , Padar and Gili Mota

History .

In 1910 the Dutch named the island on the south side of East Nusa Tenggara is the nickname of Komodo Island . This story begins with Lieutenant Steyn van Hens Broek who tries to prove statements about the presence of Dutch troops large animal resembling a dragon on the island . Steyn then kill the Komodo dragon and bring documentation to the Museum and Botanical Garden in Bogor to be investigated .
In 2009 , the Park has been named a finalist of the "New Seven Wonders of Nature " which was announced in 2010 by online voting at www.N7W.com.Pada dated 11 November 2011 , the New 7 Wonders has announced the provisional winner , and National Parks Komodo entered into the ranks of the winners along with , the Amazon Rainforest , Halong Bay , Iguazu Falls , Jeju Island , Puerto Princesa Underground River , and Table Mountain .
Komodo National Park is getting the most votes .

Komodo National Park .

Komodo National Park is located in the province of East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara .
This national park consists of three major islands Komodo , Rinca , and Padar , and several small islands . This national park land area 603 km ² and the total area is 1817 km ² .
In 1980 the national park was established to protect the Komodo dragon and its habitat . There are 277 species of animal that is a mix of animals from Asia and Australia , which consists of 32 species of mammals , 128 species of birds , and 37 species of reptiles . Together with dragons , at least 25 species of land animals and birds , including protected animals , because there is limited or limited their deployment .
Moreover , in this area there are also coral reefs . There are at least 253 species of reef-building corals are found there , with about 1,000 species of fish . The reefs attract foreign tourists to swim or dive in these waters .
These islands were originally volcanic islands . The population in this region is approximately 4,000 . In 1991 the national park was accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site .
On November 11, 2011, the New 7 Wonders has announced the provisional winners and the Park entrance into the ranks of the winners along with , the Amazon Rainforest , Halong Bay , Iguazu Falls , Jeju Island , Puerto Princesa Underground River , and Table Mountain . Komodo National Park is getting the most votes .

Komodo National Park .

Komodo National Park is located between the islands of Sumbawa and Flores Island in East Indonesia archipelago . In administrativ included in the Regional District of Komodo , West Manggarai regency , East Nusa Tenggara Province . This area is defined as the Komodo National Park on March 6, 1980 and declared a Man ​​and Biosphere Reserve in 1977 and is also a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1991 , as a national symbol by the President in 1992 , as a Marine Protected Area in 2000 and also as one of the National Parks Models in Indonesia in 2006 .
Komodo National Park has an area of ​​173,300 ha covering an area of land and sea with the five major islands Komodo , Padar , Rinca , Gili Mota , Nusa Kode and also other small islands . The Islands declared a national park to protect endangered Komodo dragon and its habitat and biodiversity in the region . Marine park was established to protect the diverse marine life found around the islands , including the richest on earth .
Komodo National Park lies in the Wallacea region of Indonesia. Wallacea region is formed from the meeting of two continents that form a unique row of volcanic islands , and consists of a mixture of birds and animals from the two continents Autralia and Asia . There are 254 plant species from Asia and Australia in the Park . In addition , there are also 58 species of animals and 128 species of birds . The combination of a variety of vegetation in the Park provide a good environment for many species of animals in the region .
There are four villages in the Komodo National Park . Komodo Island has a village namely Komodo village ; Rinca island has two villages namely Rinca and Kerora , and the island has a village Papagarang Papagaran the village . Until 2010 , people living in the region amounted to 4,251 people and the majority of the community livelihood as fisherman . The majority of people embraced Islam .

History of Management .

The Komodo dragon became famous in the scientific world since 1911 when PAOuwens a curator at the Zoological Museum of Bogor received a report about the discovery of this species from the Dutch government officers JKH Van Steyn , who later was named Varanus komodensis Ouwens in 1912 in the writings PA Ouwens entitled "On A Large Species from the Island of Komodo " . This invention arises from the awareness of the various parties to preserve these animals, it is seen that contains several laws and safeguard the dragons, namely :
SK . Bima Sultan in 1915 on the Protection of the Komodo ( Verordening van het van Milky Sultanat ) .
Local Government Decree on the Protection of Manggarai 1926 Komodo ( Besluit van het van het Landschap Zelfbestuur Manggarai ) .
Resident SK 1927 East Local Government decree on the ratification of Manggarai in point 2 above . The chronology of the establishment of the Park are as follows :
Zelfbestuur van Manggarai , No. Verordening . 32 / 24 September 1938 concerning the Establishment of Padar Island Wildlife Refuge , and the South Western part of the island of Rinca .
Resident van en onder horigheden No. East . 19 / January 27, 1939 ( Ratification of Local Regulation in point 1 )
No.66/Dep.Keh/1965 Forestry Minister Decree dated October 21, 1965 concerning the appointment of Komodo Island Wildlife Reserve of 31,000 ha .
Decree of the Governor Head of Tk . I NTT No.32 of 1969 dated June 24, 1969 concerning the appointment of Padar , Rinca Island and Mainland Wae Wuul / Mburak as Forest Tourism / Nature Reserves of 20,500 Ha .
Decree of the Director General of Forestry No.97/Tap/Dit Bina/1970 , on the Establishment Section of PPA in Labuan Bajo .
The announcement of the Minister of Agriculture dated March 6, 1980 on the Establishment of the Park.
Director General of PHPA No.46/Kpts/VI-Sek/84 decision dated December 11, 1984 about the appointment of the Work Area Park.
No.306/Kpts-II/92 Forestry Ministerial Decree dated 29 February 1992 on the amendment of Wildlife Function Komodo , Rinca , Padar an area of ​​40 728 hectares and the appointment of Sea waters surrounding an area of ​​132 572 hectares located in the province of Manggarai regency Dati Flores became the first national park in the name of the Park .
In 1992, the Komodo determined by the President as the symbol of the National Wildlife through Presidential Decree. 4 of 1992 dated January 9, 1992 .
In 1992, the Wildlife function changes Komodo , Rinca and Padar area of ​​40 728 ha and Appointment 132 572 ha area of ​​Sea waters into the Park .
In 2000, the waters designated nature conservation area by the Ministry of Forestry with an area 132 572 ha .
In 2006 , Komodo National Park includes 21 models in Indonesia in accordance with the Director General of Protection and Nature Conservation Decree No. SK.128/IV-Sek/2006 of the Director General of Protection and Nature Conservation Amendment No. 20 appointing SK.69/IV-Set/HO/2006 ( twenty ) National Park as the Park Model .

Biodiversity .

Potential Flora .

Komodo National Park ecosystems affected by climate resulting from drought , high temperatures and low rainfall . Besides Komodo National Park is located in the transition zone between the flora and fauna of Asia and Australia . Waters ecosystems affected by Nina El-Nino/La impact , resulting in warming of the surrounding water layer and frequent strong ocean currents . Here are the types of vegetation found in the Park ;
Grassland and Forest There Savana Savanna Grassland and forest which covers approximately 70 % of the area of ​​the Park . Grow various types of grass in between ; Setaria adhaerens , Chloris barbata , Heteropogon contortus , Themeda gigantea and Themeda gradiosa punctuated by palm trees ( Borassus flobellifer ) which is a typical plant of this place .
Season Tropical Forests ( below 500 m asl ) Approximately 25 % of the total area of tropical forest vegetation Komodo meruapakan season with plants , among others : kesambi ( Schleichera oleosa ) , tamarind ( Tamarindus indica ) , bulging ( Sterculia foetida ) , and several plant species other .
Forest above 500 m asl at elevations above 500 m asl . On the hilltops , among other vegetation ; Collophyllum spectobile , Colona kostermansiana , Glycosmis pentaphylla , Ficus urupaceae , Mischarpus sundaicus , Podocarpus netrifolia , Teminalia zollingeri , Uvaria ruva , rattan ( Callamus sp . ) , Bamboo ( Bambusa sp . ) , And the pretty shady places are usually found living moss clinging to the rocks .

Potential Fauna .

The types of fauna found in the Park , among others ;
Komodo dragon ( Varanus komodoensis ) Komodo live on small islands in southeastern Indonesia. In the Komodo National Park , Komodo dragons are found only on the island of Komodo , Rinca , Gili Mota and Nusa Kode . Komodo dragons are found nowhere else on earth , other than on the last .
Currently , there are 2,793 individuals dragons in Komodo National Park . 1.288 tail found in the island of Komodo , Rinca Island 1.336 tail , tail 83 in Gili Mota and 86 tails in Nusa Kode . While on the island of Komodo , Padar not found anymore . Komodo dragons can be found almost everywhere in Komodo , Rinca , Gili Mota and Nusa Kode . They can be found in the rainforest , in Savanna and at the beach .
Komodo dragons are meat eaters or carnivores . Young Komodo dragons prey on insects , lizards and birds as food. This young Komodo until two years old and spent most of their time in trees to protect themselves from attack larger dragons or other predators such as wild boar . Komodo dragons prey on deer , wild boar , horses , and water buffalo . Komodo also eat dead animals .
Komodo uses its tongue to smell and can smell up to a distance of 5 km . Komodo dragon saliva contains many deadly bacteria . There are more than 60 types of bacteria found in the saliva of the Komodo dragon and at least one of which can cause blood poisoning . Bitten prey that can be dead within a day to a few weeks due to blood poisoning .
Mating occurs in July-August . Females can produce eggs more than 30 points each nest and hatch 6-9 months later .
Among other mammals , deer ( Cervus timorensis ) , coyotes ( Cuon alpinus ) , wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) , long -tailed monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis ) , wild horse ( Equus caballus ) and wild buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) , ferrets ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ) , Rinca rat ( Hundred ritjanus ) , and fruit bats ( Cynopterus brachyotis and Pteropsis sp . )
There are 111 recorded bird species of birds , among others ; bird Hirst ( Megapodius reinwardt ) , yellow -crested cockatoo ( Cacatua sulphurea ) , turtledove ( Geopelia streptriata ) , turtledove ( Streptopelia chinensis ) , green Pergam ( Ducula aenea ) , Philemon buceroides , bird king prawns ( Halcyon chloris ) , and sea birds glasses ( Zosterops chloris ) .

reptile

There are 34 types of reptiles . Besides Komodo reptiles , other reptiles , among others ; cobra ( Naja naja ) , russel snake ( Vipera russeli ) , green tree snake ( Trimeresurus albolabris ) , python ( Python sp . ) , Sea snakes ( Laticauda Colubrina), lizards ( Scinidae, Dibamidae, and Varanidae ), gecko ( Gekko sp.), hawksbill ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) and green turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) .

Aquatic Biodiversity and Wetlands .

Potential Flora .

There are in the bay which is protected from the waves . Vegetation types , among others ; Rhizophora sp . , Rhizophora mucronata , and Lumnitzera racemosa are the dominant vegetation types. But in general there are also fires (Avicennia marina), Bruguiera sp . , Capparis seplaria , Ceriops tagal , and Sonneratia alba . Mangrove communities in the Park is a barrier / natural physical barrier against soil erosion and roots become breeding grounds , spawning and refuge areas for fish , crabs , shrimp , and mollusks .

Potential Fisheries Resources .

Coral reefs in the waters of Komodo National Park includes the most beautiful in the world . Various shapes and colors of hard corals and soft corals are very interesting to watch . There are more than 1000 species of fish , 260 species of corals and 70 species of sponges ( sponges ) and many other invertebrates can be found in many tecorampat in Komodo National Park . Acropora spp , Favites sp , sp Leptoria, Fungia sp, Sarcophyton sp and Xenia sp is a common type of coral.
Moreover, it can be found also various species of gorgonians, sea fans, sea pens, anemones with clown fish, Sea Star, christmas tree worms, clams ( Tridacna sp ), lobster, nudibranchs, etc. . A variety of reef fish live here , among Chaetodon spp, spp Amychiprion , 8 types kereapu and Napoleon ( Chelinus undulatus ) . Additionally waters of Komodo National Park is a migration path 5 types of whales , 10 species of dolphins and dugongs ( Dugong dugon ) .

Fascination Nature Objects .

The main attraction of Komodo National Park that is the ancient giant reptiles Komodo dragon ( Varanus komodoensis ) , but the authenticity and uniqueness of nature , especially the panoramic underwater Savana and Panorama , is an attraction potential supporters. Marine tourism, for example, fishing, snorkeling, diving , canoeing , boating . While on land , natural tourism potential that can be done is a wildlife observation , hiking , and camping . Visiting the Park and enjoy the natural scenery is very charming an experience that will never be forgotten .

Interesting attractions among them ;

Loh Liang on Komodo Island .

Loh Liang is the entrance and the main tourist areas on the island of Komodo . Activities to do in Loh Liang Komodo dragon among other observations , deer , wild boar , bird watching , climbing ( Loh Liang - Mount Ara ) , exploration ( Liang Loh - Loh Sebita ) , Photo hunting , video shooting , diving and snorkeling in the beach red ( Pink beach ) .
Red Beach is a beautiful beach with a shallow reef charming . Usual activities undertaken by tourists who visit are snorkeling , diving and sun bathing .
Loh Sebita a mangrove areas and activities that are interesting enough to do bird watching and trekking . In Loh Liang facilities are available for visitors to the cottage , information center , cafeteria , docks , shelters and walkways .

Loh Buaya on Rinca Island .

Loh Buaya is the center of tourist arrivals on the island of Rinca . Visitors can watch the mangrove forests , savanna and wildlife for example dragons , Timor deer , wild buffalo , long-tailed monkeys , wild horses and a variety of birds .
Activities offered to visitors at Loh Buaya include wildlife observation , exploration ( Loh Buaya - Wae Waso , Loh Buaya - Golo Code ) , photo hunting , shooting videos , observations bats in Kalong Island ( front Kampung Rinca ) and the beam in stone observation Rinca village .
Facilities available at Loh Buaya , among others, cottage , cafeteria , shelters and walkways .
In Kalong Island , an activity that can be done , among others, the observation colony of bats in large enough quantities . The most interesting observation was made during the afternoon when the bats started out in search of food .
From the top of the hill known as Golo Code , visitors can see the panoramic landscapes and fantastic enough for the representation of various types of ecosystems can be seen from this place .

Padar .

Padar is a small island located between the islands of Komodo and Rinca Island . Padar has a very beautiful beach and an excellent place for diving and snorkeling.

Zoning .

Zoning types in the Park ;

* Core Zone, this zone has an area of ​​34 311 ha and is absolutely protected zones, which are not allowed in the absence of any change by human activities , except those related to science , education and research
* Wilderness Zone , this zone has an area of ​​66921.08 hectares is the zone in which no human activity is allowed in the core zone except as outdoor activities are limited .
* Marine Protection Zone , this zone has an area of ​​36 308 hectares is the area of the shoreline to 500 m in the direction of the outside of the line bats isodepth 20 m around the reef and islands , except in the maritime zone of traditional use . In this zone should not be done marine harvesting activities , as well as in the core zone except the limited nature activities .
* Mainland Use Zone , this zone has an area of ​​824 hectares and is intended only for the intensive nature mainland .
* Utilization of Marine Tourism Zone , this zone has an area of ​​1,584 hectares and is intended for the intensive nature waters .
* Mainland Traditional Use Zone , this zone has an area of ​​879 hectares , the zone to do activities to accommodate the basic needs of indigenous people in the region with a special use permit rights by Head TN ​​. Komodo .
* Traditional Use Marine Zone , this zone has an area of ​​17 308 ha , the zone to do activities to accommodate the basic needs of indigenous people in the region with a special use permit rights by Head TN ​​. Komodo . In this zone can be done by means of taking marine products that are environmentally friendly ( fishing , charts , huhate , and umbrella ) .
* Special Residential Zone , this zone has an area of ​​298 hectares , the zone only to settle for the indigenous people with certain rules of head Central TN . Komodo in cooperation with the local government .
* Special Pelagic zone , this zone has an area of ​​59 601 hectares . In this zone can be carried out fishing activities and taking other seafood that is not protected by the maid environment tool ( fishing , charts , huhate , and payang ) and tourist activities / recreation.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: March 07, 2014 at 11:59
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Tag : Did you know Komodo Island. 

Sumatra Island.

Etymology .

Origin of the name Sumatra originated from the existence of the Kingdom of the ocean ( located on the east coast of Aceh ) . Starting with the visit of Ibn Battuta , the Moroccan adventure to the country in 1345 , he was reciting the words of the ocean into Samatrah , and then became Sumatra or Sumatra , then this name is listed on any map made ​​in the 16th century the Portuguese , to be referred to the island , so then extends known until now .
The original name of Sumatra , as recorded in the historical sources and folklore , the "Island of Gold " . The term Ameh Island ( Minangkabau language , meaning gold island ) we meet in the story of Mato Cindua Minangkabau . In Lampung folklore listed mas Tanoh name to refer to the island of Sumatra . A traveler from China who named I - Tsing ( 634-713 ) , who for many years lived in Sriwijaya ( Palembang now ) in the 7th century , the name calling Sumatra chin - chou which means " golden land " .
In various inscriptions , Sumatra, called in Sanskrit by the term : Suwarnadwipa ( " golden island " ) or Suwarnabhumi ( " land of gold " ) . These names have been used in Indian texts before Christ . Buddhist manuscripts including the oldest , Jataka Book , tells Indian sailors crossed the Bay of Bengal to Suwarnabhumi . In the Ramayana story is told search Dewi Sinta , Ravana kidnapped Rama's wife , to Suwarnadwipa .
The Arabic traveler mention Sumatra by the name " Serendib " ( precisely : " Suwarandib " ) , a transliteration of the name Suwarnadwipa . Abu Raihan Al - Biruni , the Persian geographer who visited Srivijaya in 1030 , saying that the country is located on the island of Srivijaya Suwarandib . But there are also people who identify with Sri Lanka Serendib , who never called Suwarnadwipa .
Among the ancient Greeks , Sumatra has been known as Taprobana . The name has been used by Insula Taprobana Klaudios Ptolemy , the Greek geographer of the second century AD , exactly 165 years , when he outlines in his Southeast Asian region Geographike Hyphegesis . Ptolemy writes that there is a country on the island Taprobana Barousai . May once land is meant Barus on the west coast of Sumatra , known since ancient times as a producer of camphor .
Greek manuscript 70 years , Periplous test Erythras Thalasses , revealed that Taprobana also called Chryse nesos , which means ' island of gold ' . Since ancient times the merchants of the area around the Mediterranean Sea has visited the archipelago , especially Sumatra . In addition to searching for gold , they are looking for incense ( Styrax sumatrana ) and camphor ( Dryobalanops aromatica ) who was only in Sumatra . Instead , traders were already peddling commodities archipelago them up to West Asia and East Africa , as stated in the manuscript Historia Naturalis work Plini first century AD .
In the book of the Jews , Melakim ( Kings ) , chapter 9 , explained that Prophet Sulayman king of Israel receive 420 talents of gold from Hiram , king of Tyre who became his subordinate . Gold was obtained from the land of Ophir . Book Al - Qur'an , Surah Al - Anbiya ' 81 , explained that the ships of Solomon sailed into " the land which We have blessed him" ( al - ardha l - lati - Na FIHA barracks ) .
Many historians are of the opinion that Ophir was located in the land of Sumatra ( Mount Ophir in West Pasaman , West Sumatra, which is now called Mount Talamau ? ) . It should be noted , the city of Tyre was the center of the marketing of goods from the Far East . Ptolemy also wrote Geographike Hyphegesis based on information from a merchant named Marinus of Tyre . And many European adventurers in the 15th century and the 16th look for gold to Sumatra with the assumption that the land therein lies Ofir Solomon as

Ocean into Sumatra .

Said the first mention of the name comes from the title of a Sumatran Srivijaya king Haji ( king ) Sumatrabhumi ( " King of the land of Sumatra " ) , [ 2 ] based on the Chinese news he sent envoys to China in 1017 . Another opinion says the name is derived from the name of the ocean Sumatra , Aceh Kingdom in the 13th century and 14th century . The European traveler from the 15th century to use the royal name to refer to the entire island . Similarly Borneo island called Borneo , from the name of Brunei , northern regions of the island visited by the early Europeans . Similarly Lombok island was named Selaparang , while Lombok is the name of the area on the east coast of the island Selaparang early Portuguese sailors visited .
Ocean transition ( the royal name ) into Sumatra ( island name ) to be interesting . Odorico da Pordenone in the story of his voyage in 1318 states that he sailed to the east of the Coromandel , India , for 20 days , and came to the kingdom Sumoltra . Ibn Batutah Rihlah told in the book of the ila l - Masyriq ( Wandering to the East ) that in 1345 he was stopped in the kingdom Samatrah . In the next century , the name of the country or kingdom in Aceh was taken over by another traveler - traveler to mention the entire island .
In 1490 Ibn Majid made ​​a map of the area around the Indian Ocean islands and there is written " Samatrah " . Map is copied by Ibn Majid Roteiro in 1498 and came the name " Camatarra " . Map -made Amerigo Vespucci in 1501 include the name "Samatara", while the map Masser in 1506 gave rise to the name "Samatra". Ruy d' Araujo in 1510 call the island " Camatra " , and Alfonso Albuquerque in 1512 to write " Camatora " . Antonio Pigafetta in 1521 using the name of a rather ' true ' : " Somatra " . But so many other travelers note that more ' chaotic ' write : " Samoterra " , " Samotra " , " Sumotra " , even " Zamatra " and " Zamatora " .
The records of the Dutch and English , Huygen van Linschoten since Jan and Sir Francis Drake of the 16th century, writing has always been consistent in Sumatra. Shape which is the default, and then adapted to the tongue Indonesia : Sumatra

History .

Population .

In general , the island was inhabited by the Malays of Sumatra , which is divided into several parts . Major tribes are Acehnese , Batak , Malay , Minangkabau , Besemah , Rejang Tribe , Ogan , Histories , and Lampung . In the east coast of Sumatra and in some big cities such as Medan , Palembang , and Pekanbaru , many ethnic Chinese live . Residents of the island of Sumatra is concentrated in East Sumatra and the Minangkabau highlands . Sumatra livelihood mostly as farmers , fishermen , and traders .
Sumatra majority Muslim population , and a small portion is Protestant adherents of Christianity , especially in the area of ​​Tapanuli and Toba - Samosir , North Sumatra . In urban areas , such as Medan , Pekanbaru , Batam , Palembang and Kuala Pinang , encountered some Buddhists .

Transportation .

The cities on the island of Sumatra, connected by three cross streets , which cross the middle , east, and west, across from the northwest - southeast Sumatra . There are also roads that cross from the west - east , such as roads Bengkulu - Palembang , Padang - Jambi and Padang - Dumai - Medan .
In some parts of the island of Sumatra , a rail transportation alternative . In the south , the railway line from the port of Long stems ( Lampung ) to Lubuk Linggau and Palembang (South Sumatra). In the middle of the island of Sumatra , the railway line is only found in West Sumatra . This path connects the city of Padang and Padang Rice Lunto with Pariaman . During the colonial Dutch until 2001 , Padang lines - Rice Lunto used for transporting coal . But since coal reserves in Ombilin thinning , then this path does not work anymore . Since late 2006 , the government of West Sumatra province , re- activate this pathway as a tourist rail line .
In northern Sumatra , a railway line stretching from Medan up to the city of High Cliff . On this track , the train is used as a means of transporting oil palm and passengers .
International flights are served from Banda Aceh ( International Airport Sultan Iskandar Muda ) , Medan ( Kuala Namu International Airport ) , Padang ( Minangkabau International Airport , and Palembang ( International Airport Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II ) . While the ship is in the port of Belawan ( field ) , the Gulf Bayur ( Padang ) , and Bakauheni ( Lampung ) .

Economy .

Sumatra is an island rich with crops . Of five rich provinces in Indonesia , there are three provinces on the island of Sumatra , which is the province of Aceh , Riau and South Sumatra. The main outcomes of the island of Sumatra is palm oil, tobacco , petroleum , tin , bauxite , coal and natural gas . The crops are mostly cultivated by foreign companies , such as PT Caltex petroleum processing in the province of Riau .

Places producer of mining products are :

* Arun ( NAD ) , produces natural gas .
* Pangkalan Brandan ( North Sumatra ) , produces petroleum
* Duri , Dumai and Bengkalis ( Riau ) , produces petroleum
* Tanjung Enim ( South Sumatra ) , produces coal
* Plaju and Gerong River ( South Sumatra ) , produces petroleum
* Tanjung Pinang ( Riau Islands ) , produces bauxite
* Indarung ( West Sumatra ) , produces cement
* Sawahlunto ( West Sumatra ) , produces coal
Some cities on the island of Sumatra , is also a city of considerable commercial importance . Field is the largest city on the island of Sumatra , is the main commercial city on the island. Many large national companies headquartered here.

Geographic .

Sumatra is located in the western islands of the archipelago . To the north is bordered by the Bay of Bengal , on the east by the Strait of Malacca , on the south by the Sunda Strait, and on the west by the Indian Ocean. To the east of the island, found many swamps drained by large rivers that flow into it , including shavings ( North Sumatra) , Siak River ( Riau ), Kampar , Inderagiri ( West Sumatra , Riau ), Batang Hari ( West Sumatra , Jambi ) , Musi , Ogan , Lematang , Histories ( South Sumatra ) , and Way Sekampung ( Lampung ) . While some river which empties into the west coast of Sumatra island include Rod Tarusan ( West Sumatra ) , and Ketahun ( Bengkulu ) .
In the western part of the island , lies Bukit Barisan mountain range stretching from the northwest to the southeast with a length of approximately 1500 miles . Along the line of the hill there are dozens of mountain , both inactive and active volcanoes , such as Geureudong ( Aceh ) , Sinabung ( North Sumatra ) , Marapi and Gutter ( West Sumatra ) , Mount Kaba ( Bengkulu ) , and Kerinci ( Sumatra West , Jambi ) . On the island of Sumatra, there are also several lakes , of which Lake Laut Tawar ( Aceh ) , Lake Toba ( North Sumatra ) , Lake Batur , Maninjau Lake , Lake Above , Below Lake , Lake Gutter ( West Sumatra ) , Lake Kerinci ( Jambi ) and Lake Ranau ( Lampung and South Sumatra ) .
The mountains in Sumatra with elevations above 2,500 meters dpl.ian
The main article for this section is : List of mountains in Sumatra
Mount Bandahara , Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam ( 3,030 m )
Mount Dempo , South Sumatera ( 3,159 m )
Mount Geureudong , Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam ( 2,885 m )
Mount Kerinci , Jambi and West Sumatra ( 3,805 m )
Mount Leuser , Aceh ( 3,172 m )
Mount Marapi , West Sumatra ( 2,891 m )
Mount Perkison , Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam ( 2,828 m )
Mount Singgalang , West Sumatra ( 2,877 m )
Mount Talamau , West Sumatra ( 2,912 m )
Mount Talang in West Sumatra ( 2,597 m ) .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: March 07, 2014 at 10:30

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Tag : Sumatra Island.

Prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that grows in the prostate , a walnut -sized gland below the bladder of men whose function is to produce sperm . Most prostate cancer grows very slowly but it is a malignant cancer , and the cancer can spread to other parts of the body , especially the bones and lymph nodes .
According to the interim report of the Singapore Cancer Registry , 2006-2010 period , prostate cancer is the 3rd most common for men in Singapore , with more than 500 cases are diagnosed each year in the period of five years.

WHAT are the symptoms?

In most cases , no symptoms are visible , and it is believed that as many as 80 % of men who reach the age of 80 of prostate cancer . Because in most cases , slow-growing cancer , they generally die from other causes or advanced age without realizing that they have cancer .
When symptoms appear at an advanced stage , which is the weight loss be felt , pelvic pain , back pain or hip and difficulty urinating , such as a burning sensation or pain when urinating or there is blood in the urine .

HOW diagnosed ?

SCREENING TEST FOR EARLY DETECTION .
Digital Rectal Examination ( DRE ) - the procedure is performed by a physician using a sheathed finger to examine the rectum . The doctor will be able to feel lumps or growth of prostate cancer .

Test Prostate - Specific Antigen ( PSA ) Test - This test is most commonly performed initial tests to detect prostate cancer . Performed in the test is checking the levels of PSA-a protein produced by cells of the prostate gland-in the blood. The higher the level is , the more likely the presence of cancer , although other factors may cause a rise in PSA content .

TEST FOR DIAGNOSING PROSTATE CANCER .
Prostate Biopsy - if there is suspicion of prostate cancer , the biopsy procedure is performed - which remove tissue samples to be checked . When the results were positive , it is necessary to use a bone scan or a scan of the computer done in the pelvic area to ascertain how far the cancer has spread .
Trans - Rectal Ultrasound - This procedure uses sound waves to obtain visualization of the prostate gland . This procedure is most often used in conjunction with procedures to guide the biopsy needle to the prostate gland where there is a suspected tumor .

TEST AFTER the cancer is diagnosed .
PSA Levels - When positive cancer is diagnosed , PSA levels can help ensure its spread . When the PSA level below 20ng/ml , then most likely the cancer has not spread to other organs . PSA levels over 40ng/ml is a strong indication that the cancer has spread to other body parts .
Test Metastasis - When a biopsy has indicated the presence of cancer , other tests should be done to determine how far the cancer has spread .
Bone scans and x - rays can determine if the cancer has spread to the bone .
CT or MRI scans to look for more precise location of the cancer .

ASSESSMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER
Prostate cancer Gleason assessed based system , which measures the degree of organization of existing cancer cells using a microscope .

Grade 1 : Network cancers look like normal prostate tissue .
Grade 2 to 4 : Some cells look like normal cells , but some do not look normal . There is a very clear distinction between normal and abnormal cells .
Grade 5 : cancer and the pattern of growth seems very normal .
Because prostate cancer often have areas with different values ​​, a value determined for the two areas in which there are at most cancer cells . These two values ​​are then summed to obtain the scale Gleason score between 2 and 10 .
Gleason score less than 6 indicates that the cancer is not malignant . While the value of 7 upwards indicates a very aggressive cancer that can grow and spread quickly .

HOW TO TREAT PROSTATE CANCER ?
In some cases , prostate cancer takes a long time to grow , then the treatment has its own risks . The doctor may choose to monitor the tumor rather than to treat it immediately . This was caused by the treatment dependent on several factors such as stage of cancer , symptoms , age , and general condition of the patient's health .

SURGERY
When the treatment has been determined , the process can involve surgical removal of the cancer through the procedure, with the lifting of the prostate gland, when the cancer is localized . Chances of complete recovery are very high in such cases , however, can cause side effects urination or impotence deficiency

RADIATION THERAPY
by using high-energy rays are directed to kill cancer cells . This procedure can be used when the cancer is localized only

HORMONE THERAPY .
This procedure can be used to treat cancer that has spread over much of the prostate where hormone used to counteract the effects of testosterone and slows the growth of cancer .

CHEMOTHERAPY .
Occasionally in some cases , chemotherapy is used to relieve or eliminate the effects of the symptoms of prostate cancer when other treatment procedure is considered less effective .
What is the best approach to treatment ?
The development of the treatment plan by a multi - disciplinary team - consisting of breast surgery , pathology , radiology specialists , radiation oncologists and medical oncologists , social workers and nurses breast - for diagnosing , treating and managing the patient's condition has been shown to improve the outcome of treatment that patients cancer .
Anyone who is exposed to the risk of prostate cancer , and how to prevent it ?
According to a report in The National Registry of Diseases Office of prostate cancer , which was published in 2011 , male descendant of ethnic Chinese in Singapore had twice the risk factors of prostate cancer compared with Malays and Indians .
Age is also a factor , where the 40-year -old man has a risk level of one in 200,000 , while when they hit the age of 50 years , the level of risk of prostate cancer increased to 12 per 100,000 people , and 10,000 people to 12 men by the time they hit age 60 years .
Those who are overweight / obese , consuming foods with high levels of animal fat or red meat , those who start having sex at an early age , a history of STD or having more than one sexual partner , as well as increased risk factors for prostate cancer . The highest risk was also owned by a man whose family has a medical history of prostate cancer .
Healthy lifestyle , with a low meat consumption , will be able to help prevent the occurrence of prostate cancer and other cancers .

 SUPPORT WHAT'S AVAILABLE ?
CanHOPE , is a non - profit entity engaged in the field of counseling and support services to cancer patients that was initiated by Parkway Cancer Centre .
As part of a holistic approach to treating cancer , CanHOPE in collaboration with a team of medical and health experts offering professional resources as well as extensive information about cancer to help patients and their families in order to make the right decisions during their journey toward healing .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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DatePublished: March 07, 2014 at 09:53

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Tag ; Prostate cancer.

Cord care.

A. Definition. 

Umbilical cord umbilical cord in medical terms. It is a strap that connects the fetus with the placenta or placenta. Because during the uterus, this is what rope distribute oxygen and food from the placenta to the fetus that is in it. Once the fetus is born, she no longer needs oxygen from the mother, because it was able to breathe on his own through his nose. By because it is no longer needed, then the channel must be cut and stapled or bound.
Umbilical cord or umbilical cord is the life line for the fetus during pregnancy, because the cord through this all needs to be fulfilled fetal life. Umbilical cord care is nursing actions aimed at caring for the umbilical cord of the newborn to keep them dry and prevent infection.
The most important thing in cleaning the umbilical cord and the cord is to make sure the surrounding area is always clean and dry, always wash hands with soap and clean water before cleaning the umbilical cord. During the umbilical cord has not whistle, the baby should not be bathed in a way dipped into the water, just enough swabbed with a cloth soaked in warm water.

B. Purpose of Umbilical Cord Care. 

The purpose of umbilical cord care is to prevent tetanus in newborns. The disease is caused by the entry of germs of tetanus spores into the body through the umbilical cord, either from unsterilized instruments, use of medications, powder or leaves are sprinkled into the cord so that it can lead to an infection. Stated that the purpose of caring for the umbilical cord is to prevent tetanus in newborns, so the cord stays clean, the germs do not get in so there is no infection in the baby's umbilical cord. The tetanus disease caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria that secrete toxins that (poison), which enter through the umbilical cord injuries due to lack of care or clean action. The purpose of cord care as follows:
a. Prevent infection.
b. Accelerate the drying process of the umbilical cord.
c. Accelerate the release of the umbilical cord

C. How Umbilical Cord Care. 

The old method of Umbilical Cord Care .

Antiseptic is a chemical that can kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Umbilical cord care the old method (using wrapping and antiseptic), according to the MOH is as follows:

1. Preparation tool. 

Alcohol 70% 10% berthadin in place sterile gauze and cotton swab in place Kerentang in its place the use of baby equipment (octopus, diapers, clothes) binder cord Scissors sterile bandages, sterile distilled water

2. Implementation. 

Of the umbilical cord wrapping gauze sterile distilled water spilled and opened Clean cotton cord with alcohol, ranging from the tip to the base of the umbilical cord and the surrounding area with a diameter of 2 cm umbilical cord with bethadine Grease or similar drugs in the same way as above with the umbilical cord bethadine wrapped in sterile gauze and difisaksi using baby octopus Clothing worn back, trimming tools, tidurkan baby back to the position as needed.

Umbilical Cord Care New Method. 

1. Dry Umbilical Cord Care. 

How the dry cord care are:
Prepare tools.
Wash hands before and after caring for the umbilical cord.
The umbilical cord was cleaned with gauze.
Once clean, the umbilical cord wrapped with dry sterile gauze.
After the umbilical cord detached / whistle, given the fixed central sterile gauze.
How is the dry cord care cord wrap with gauze and keep the cord dry condition. If the umbilical cord were given gentian violet smell.

2. Umbilical Cord Care Wet. 

The use of umbilical cord care Alcohol and chlorhexidine solution cursory considered to prevent infection but was found not to work well. Moreover, when mothers caring for their babies in their rooms rather than in the treatment room, the infection rate was lowest in the umbilical cord.
How wet cord care:
Prepare tools.
Wash your hands thoroughly before committing cord care.
Clean the umbilical cord with alcohol.
Close cord with sterile gauze that was given alcohol / bethadin and replace a new screen soon after a bath, sweaty, dirty and wet.
Immediately bolt baby to the doctor if the unpleasant smell of the baby's umbilical cord is not loose.

D. disorders or problems in the umbilical cord. 

Umbilical cord wet, smelly, and showed signs of inflammation which otherwise would be assisted immediately cause sepsis, meningitis, etc.
At the base of the umbilical cord and the surrounding area is red, there smelling fluid, blood coming out continuously.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/cord-care.html
DatePublished: March 06, 2014 at 17:49
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Tag : Cord care.