Tenure.
January 20, 1961 - 22 November 1963
Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917-22 November 1963), known by the nickname "Jack" or initials JFK, was the President of the United States to-35 who served from January 1961 until November 1963 killed.After military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 and PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy became representative of the 11th congressional district of Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 from the Democratic Party. After that, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the U.S. presidential election , 1960. At age 43, he became the youngest president ever served, the second youngest president (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first president born in the 20th century. Until now, Kennedy, a Catholic, was the only non-Protestant president and the only president of Pulitzer Prize winner.
Events that occurred during his reign was the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, Space-race with launch Project Apollo (culminating in a landing on the Moon) the construction of the Berlin Wall, the Civil Rights Movement African-Americans, and the early stages of the Vietnam War. At that time, Kennedy increased the number of military advisers, special operations forces, and helicopters to inhibit the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Kennedy administration adopted a policy of the Strategic Hamlet Program implemented by the government of South Vietnam. This policy involves the forced relocation, confinement village, and the separation of rural South Vietnam from communist militia north and south.
Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was blamed as the culprit and arrested that night, but Jack Ruby shot to death two days later, Oswald was held before the court. The FBI and the Warren Commission was formally concluded Oswald as the lone assassin. However, the Special Committee of the U.S. Assassination (HSCA) found such an investigation is not entirely true and Kennedy may be killed as a result of a conspiracy. Kennedy was a controversial program TFX fighter bomber force Congress Defense Department conducted an investigation which lasted from 1963 to 1970. Since the 1960s, information about the personal lives of the Kennedy slowly revealed. Details of Kennedy's health problems became clear, especially since the 1990s. Although initially kept secret from the public, reporting that Kennedy often played women have got the press spotlight. Kennedy ranks highly in public opinion ratings.
Early life and education.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born at 83 Beals Street, Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917 from the couple businessman / politician Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy, Sr.. (1888-1969) and Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald philanthropist (1890-1995). Joe is the eldest son of businessman / politician Patrick Joseph "PJ" Kennedy (1858-1929) and Mary Augusta Hickey (1857-1923). Rose is the eldest daughter of Boston Mayor John Francis "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald (1863-1950) and Mary Josephine "Josie" Hannon (1865-1964). His four grandparents were children of Irish immigrants.
Brothers Jack is Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (1925-1968) and Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (1932-2009). Bobby and Senator Ted would become famous. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended Edward Devotion School, Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School, through 4th grade. In 1927, the family moved to 5040 Independence Avenue in Riverdale, Bronx, New York City. Two years later, they moved to 294 Pondfield Road in Bronxville, New York. There, Kennedy was a member of Scout Troop 2.Kennedy spent summers with his family at their home in Hyannisport, Massachusetts, and Christmas and Easter with his family at their winter home in Palm Beach, Florida. Kennedy school from grade 5 to grade 7 at the Riverdale Country School, a private school boys. In September 1930, Kennedy's 13-year-old completed the 8th grade at Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he underwent appendectomy, and out of Canterbury and the rest at home.
Month of September 1931, Kennedy was sent to The Choate School in Wallingford, Connecticut to complete grades 9 through 12. His brother, Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy, Jr.. (1915-1944), went to school at Choate for two years and became a football star at the same time the best students. Jack spent his first years at Choate in his brother's shadow and behaviors against which attracted the attention of his friends. The most famous of their behavior is to blow up the toilet seat using powerful fireworks. In a chapel meeting that day, their principals disciplined, St. George. John, brought the toilet seat and complained of a "rogue" certain to be "spit in our sea". Jack Kennedy who stubbornly continued their actions and even named his group "The Muckers Club". One of its members were roommates Kennedy, Kirk LeMoyne "Lem" Billings
At Choate, Kennedy suffered from health problems to the extent that he was rushed to Yale - New Haven Hospital in 1934. In June, 1934, he was taken to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota and diagnosed with colitis. Kennedy graduated from Choate in June 1935. Kennedy became business manager of the school yearbook and was dubbed the "students who are very likely to succeed".
In September 1935, he was first out of the country with his parents and his sister, Kathleen to London with the intention of learning to Harold Laski at the London School of Economics (LSE) as his older brother, Joe. Kennedy's deteriorating health forced return to the United States in October 1935. He was late list and spent six weeks at Princeton University. He was then hospitalized at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston. He rested at the Kennedy winter home in PalmBeach, then spent the spring of 1936 (with his brother, Joe) by working as a maid at the breeder farm "Jay Six" of 40,000 acres (160 km ²) outside Benson, Arizona. Reportedly breeder Jack Speiden forcing both worked "very hard".
Hyannisport Kennedy family in 1931. Jack in the upper left wearing a white shirt.
In September 1936, Kennedy began his studies at Harvard College. There he produced the "Freshman Smoker" edition was hailed as an example of "complete entertainment industry figures involving radio, film, and sports".
He has been part of the football team, golf, and swimming, and managed to enter the university swim team. July 1937, Kennedy sailed to France-carrying car-convertible and spent ten weeks traveling around Europe with Billings. Month of June 1938, Kennedy sailed overseas with his father and brother, Joe, to work with his father who was then the U.S. Ambassador to the era of Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Court of St.. James's at a U.S. embassy in London.
In 1939, Kennedy around Europe, the Soviet Union, the Balkans, and the Middle East to prepare for his senior honors thesis at Harvard. He then went to Czechoslovakia and Germany before returning to London on September 1, 1939, the day when Germany invaded Poland. On 3 September 1939, the family was in the House of Commons to listen to the speech support a declaration of war against Germany Great Britain. Kennedy was sent as his father's representative to develop a plan to help survivors of the SS Athenia United States, then return to the U.S. from Foynes, Ireland to Port Washington, New York. At that time he first felt the transatlantic flight.
As a senior at Harvard, Kennedy began to seriously and develop an interest in political philosophy. In his junior days, he managed to get Dean's List. In 1940, Kennedy completed his thesis, "Appeasement in Munich", which discusses Great Britain's participation in the Munich Agreement. His thesis was used as a book entitled Why England Slept and sell them. He graduated from Harvard College with a Bachelor of Science degree cum laude in international affairs in 1940. Kennedy register and perform the audit lectures at the Stanford Graduate School of Business in the fall of that year. In early 1941, he helped his father write the memoirs of three years experience as ambassador to the United States, then travel around South America.
Military service (1941-45).
Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109.
In September 1941, after medical disqualified from the Army due to his chronic lower back problems, Kennedy joined the U.S. Navy the assistance of the director of the Office of Naval Intelligence, the former Navy attaché to Joseph Kennedy. Kennedy is the ensign who worked in the office of the Minister of the Navy when the attack on Pearl Harbor occurred. He entered the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps and voluntarily signed up to the Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Training Center, Melville, Rhode Island. After that, he was assigned to Panama and the Pacific theater. In the Pacific, Kennedy received the rank of lieutenant and commander of the patrol torpedo boat (PT).On August 2, 1943, Kennedy's boat, PT-109, along with PT-162 and PT-169, was doing night patrol near New Georgia in the Solomon Islands, and PT-109 rammed by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri. Kennedy gathered the crew members who survived in the waters around the wreck to choose "fight or surrender". Kennedy stated, "This situation does not exist in the book. A lot of guys who have families and some of you have children. What would you do? I do not have to miss anything." Refusing to give up, they all eventually swam to a small island.
Although re-injured his back in the collision, Kennedy pull a crew member who suffered severe burns using moored buoy rope in his teeth. He draws people to the small island, then to the second island where they were all rescued.
His actions, Kennedy get Medal Navy and Marine Corps for the following reasons:
The above action is heroic as the Motor Torpedo Boat Commanding Officer 109 post-collision and sinking of the ship in the Pacific War Theater on 1-2 August 1943. Without thought of personal danger, Lieutenant (then Lieutenant Junior) Kennedy unhesitatingly against all the difficulties and the threat of darkness to lead rescue operations, swimming many hours to secure aid and food after he managed to bring the crew to the mainland. Courage, resilience, and great leadership led to the survival of a few people and in accordance with the highest traditions of the United States Navy Department.
October 1943, Kennedy led the PT boats were used as weapons aboard, the PT-59. The ship took part in a Marine rescue on Choiseul Island in November 1943. Kennedy then left the PT-59 and return to the United States in early January 1944. After his back injury was treated, he was released from active duty in late 1944.
Kennedy formally discharged in early 1945, just before the Japanese surrender. Other awards received by Kennedy during World War II was the Purple Heart, American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three bronze service stars, and the World War II Victory Medal. When asked why he became a war hero, Kennedy joked: "It's easy. They divide my PT boat in two."
In April 1945, Kennedy's father, a friend of William Randolph Hearst, put Kennedy as a special correspondent for Hearst Newspapers. The task of keeping the Kennedy name in the public eye and "introduced to the world of journalism as a promising career." He became a correspondent in May of that year and cover the Potsdam Conference and other events.
Congressional career.
House of Representatives (1946-52).
When Kennedy was official, his brother, Joe Jr.., Died while on duty dated August 12, 1944 in Operation Aphrodite. Because Joe Jr.. family is a political benchmark, the task ultimately charged to Jack.In 1946, a U.S. House of Representatives Members James Michael Curley resigned as Democratic members of Congress in the 11th district of Massachusetts-at the suggestion of Joe-to become mayor of Boston. Kennedy ran and defeated his Republican opponent by a large margin. [35] He served as a congressman for six years.
Senate (1952-60).
In the 1952 election, he defeated Republican defense of Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.. to compete for a U.S. Senate seat The following year he married Jacqueline.Kennedy underwent a series of spinal operations over the next two years. Often absent from the Senate, he often critically ill Catholic last rites. While rest of 1956, he wrote Profiles in Courage, a book about U.S. Senators who risked his career to his personal beliefs. The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Biography category in 1957.
Rumors that his work was also written by a close adviser and speechwriter, Ted Sorensen, Sorensen justified in his autobiography in 2008.
At the 1956 Democratic National Convention, Kennedy was nominated for Vice President with presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson, but his voice is ranked number two Senator Estes Kefauver below from Tennessee. Since then, Kennedy became known nationally. His father thought his son lost naturally, because political sentiment against his Catholic beliefs and the strong influence of the Eisenhower.
One of the things that attract the attention of the Kennedy bill in the Senate is the Civil Rights Act of 1957 which President Eisenhower proposed. Kennedy gave voice procedural considered a number of parties as a form of gratification for the Southern Democrats who reject this bill. Chapter III Kennedy approved a draft law that the contents of incorporation authorizing the Attorney General, but Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson agreed to let points were canceled as a form of adaptation measures. Kennedy also approved the Chapter IV, entitled "Jury Trial Amendment". Many civil rights advocates criticized the affirmative vote because it can weaken its laws. The final adjustment bill supported Kennedy passed in September 1957.
In 1958, Kennedy was elected again as a member of the Senate, defeating his Republican opponent, Boston lawyer Vincent J. Celeste, by a large margin. When his nomination campaign, press secretary Robert E Thompson made a film called The U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy Story which tells the life story of the Senator and shows the life of his family and office activity. It is a complete movie about Kennedy's time.
Senator Joseph McCarthy was a friend of the Kennedy family; Joseph Kennedy, Sr.. is a major supporter of McCarthy, Robert F. Kennedy worked for McCarthy's subcommittee, and McCarthy dated Patricia Kennedy. In 1954, when the Senate agreed to launch formal censure McCarthy, Kennedy compose a speech in support of the official condemnation. The speech was not delivered because he was in hospital. Though absent, he could participated procedurally by "equating" his voice against another senator, but he did not do it. He never tells how he voted, but the decision to weaken support for Kennedy among liberals, including Eleanor Roosevelt, in the 1956 and 1960 elections.
Presidential elections in 1960.
U.S. presidential elections 1960.
On January 2, 1960, Kennedy launch his presidential campaign in the Democratic primary. Senator Hubert Humphrey he face of Minnesota and Senator Wayne Morse of Oregon. Kennedy defeated Humphrey in Wisconsin and West Virginia, Morse in Maryland and Oregon, as well as a key opponent (usually written candidates) in New Hampshire, Indiana, and Nebraska.Kennedy visited a coal mine in West Virginia. Most miners and residents in the state-dominated Protestant conservatism somewhat concerned with the Roman Catholic faith professed Kennedy. His victory in West Virginia is proof that he is accepted by society.
At the Democratic Convention, he delivered a speech "New Frontier" of his famous: "Because not all problems solved and not all of the battle is won-and we stand today on the threshold of a New Limit New Limit ... But I mentioned is not a pile of promises but a pile of challenges.'s not my bid for the American people, but I demand from them. "
After getting rid of Humphrey and Morse, Kennedy's main opponent at the Los Angeles convention was Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas. Kennedy won the challenge this official and some unofficial challenge from Adlai Stevenson, the Democratic nominee in 1952 and 1956, Stuart Symington, and a favorite son of the party. On July 13, Kennedy raised the Democratic convention as a presidential candidate. Kennedy chose Johnson as a candidate for Vice President, although opposed by many liberal delegates and Kennedy's personal staff, including his brother, Bobby.
Kennedy Johnson's strength in the region requires the South to win the closest election since 1916. The main issues raised include how to revive the economy, Kennedy's Roman Catholicism, Cuba, and the comparison of the development of the Soviet space program and missile and the United States. To allay fears that his Catholic faith would influence his decision-making, on September 12, 1960 he said before the Greater Houston Ministerial Association that, "I am not the Catholic candidate for President. I am a Democratic presidential candidate who happened to be a Catholic. Religion I do not mix with public affairs - and religion does not affect me. "
Kennedy questioned rhetorically whether one-quarter of Americans into second-class citizens just because they were Catholic, and once stated that, "No one asked my religion (while serving in the Navy) in the South Pacific."
In September and October, Kennedy appeared with Richard Nixon's presidential candidate of the Republican Party, which is currently the Vice President of the incumbent, the U.S. presidential debate broadcast The first in a U.S. history Nixon, with a foot injury and a thin beard, sweating and looked tense and uncomfortable, while Kennedy who refused makeup looked relaxed so many television viewers who championed Kennedy as the winner. Radio listeners thought Nixon won the debate tipped or series. Since then the debate is considered as an important benchmark in the history of U.S. politics and television began to play an important role in politics.
Kennedy campaign to fruition after the first debate and won over Nixon in a number of polling. November 8, Kennedy defeated Nixon in one of the closest presidential elections of the 20th century. At the national level, Kennedy defeated Nixon by a difference of two-tenths of one percent (49.7% vs 49.5%), whereas at the level of the Electoral College he won 303 votes and Nixon 219 votes (269 votes needed to win).
14 voters of Mississippi and Alabama refused to support Kennedy because he supported the civil rights movement. They were together from Oklahoma voters chose Senator Harry F. Byrd of Virginia. Kennedy was the youngest man elected president, succeeding Eisenhower, president when the oldest. Ronald Reagan defeated Eisenhower as the oldest president in 1981.
Presidency.
John F. Kennedy took the oath of office led by Chief Justice Earl Warren on January 20, 1961 at the CapitolJohn F. Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th President at noon January 20, 1961. In his inaugural address, he called on all residents of the United States activated by stating, "Ask not what the country can give to you; ask what you can give to the country." He called on countries in the world join the fight against "the common enemy of mankind: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself".
He added: "It will not be completed within the first hundred days, nor in the first one thousand days, nor in the reign of this, not even during our life on this planet. Forging But let us." In closing, he expressed his desire to create greater internationalism: "Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, we provide standards of strength and sacrifice which is as high as we ask for it to you."
Kennedy White House organizational construct that is much different than the structure of the former general Eisenhower's decision, and he did not hesitate to throw Eisenhower method. Kennedy chose wheels organizational structure, so that all converging on a presidential spokesman. He was ready and willing to increase the number of decisions quickly if necessary. He pointed to the experienced and inexperienced as a member of his cabinet. "We can learn our job together," he said.
There are occasions when the president too hasty a decision. He had announced in a cabinet meeting without prior notice that Edward Lansdale would be Ambassador to South Vietnam, a decision which later revoked Kennedy after Secretary of State Rusk responded.
There are also incidents of Harris Wofford who was summoned to the White House to take the oath of office without knowing who will be assigned.
Because pressured by economic advisers who asked that reduced taxes, Kennedy immediately approve a balanced budget. This decision required in exchange for votes to enlarge the membership of the House Rules Committee that the Democrats gained a majority in setting the legislative agenda.
President focuses on specific issues and facing the upcoming administration. He immediately expressed his impatience with Pondering of deeper meanings. Deputy national security adviser Walt Whitman Rostow never harsh criticism about the growth of communism and Kennedy cut by asking, "What do you want from me today?"
In May 1961, the press published the article that the Minister of the Interior Stewart Udall asked for an oil executive embezzled $ 100 donations from fundraisers attended by high oil and gas companies. Udall demanded that his name be used in the embezzlement file is deleted.
One week earlier, Kennedy proposed that Congress tighten conflict of interest law. In a press conference, blaming Kenedy campaign finance law, not Udall. Kennedy claimed to have spoken with Udall and satisfied to hear his explanation. Kennedy stated that anyone who donated campaign funds should not expect rewards. Udall denied wrongdoing and insists that the oil executive had been misrepresenting his intentions.
Foreign policy.
Administration's foreign policy of John F. Kennedy.John F. overseas trip Kennedy throughout his reign
President Kennedy's foreign policy was dominated by the U.S. confrontation with the Soviet Union based proxy competition in the early stages of the Cold War. In 1961, Kennedy was eager to meet with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. The President was one step by reacting aggressively to a routine Khrushchev speech on Cold War confrontation in early 1961. The speech was aimed at the domestic audience in the Soviet Union, but Kennedy interpreted as a personal challenge. The mistake has led to more tension during the Vienna meeting in June 1961.
On the way to the summit, Kennedy stopped in Paris to meet Charles de Gaulle. De Gaulle that Kennedy suggested ignoring the abrasive style of Khrushchev. French President who is very nationalistic and suspicious of U.S. influence in Europe. Even so, de Gaulle tolerable unnerved by the young president and his family. Kennedy raised impression de Gaulle in a speech in Paris, saying that he would be remembered as "the man who accompanied Jackie Kennedy to Paris."
On June 4, 1961, the president met Khrushchev in Vienna and left the meeting in anger and upset because he let Khrushchev a trick, though've been warned. Khrushchev personally fascinated with the president's intelligence, but consider it weak. Kennedy did manage to convey the essence of the most sensitive issues for both the plan agreement between Moscow and East Berlin. He explained that any agreement that infringes U.S. access West Berlin would be regarded as an act of war.
Persian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Kennedy, and U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara in the Cabinet Room of the White House April 13, 1962.
Shortly after the president's home. The Soviet Union announced its intention to sign an agreement with the East Berlin automatically violate the rights of any third party occupation in all sectors of the city. Depression and anger, Kennedy would have predicted only option for him is to prepare the United States for nuclear war. He personally considers the possibility of a nuclear war broke out is one in five.
A few weeks after the Vienna meeting, more than 20,000 people fled from East Berlin to the western sector in reaction to statements of the Soviet Union. Kennedy initiate a series of intensive meetings on the Berlin issue. Dean Acheson recommends military deployments with the NATO allies.
In a July 1961 speech, Kennedy announced his desire to add $ 3.25 billion to the defense budget and an additional 200,000 troops. He also stated that the attack on West Berlin would be regarded as our attack against the United States. Speech was approved by 85% of the people.
The following month, the USSR and East Berlin started blocking all the way from East Berlin to West Berlin and build barbed wire fences across the city, and strengthened into the Berlin Wall. Kennedy's initial response is to ignore it as long as free access from West to East Berlin allowed. That plan changed after it emerged that the residents of West Berlin no longer rely on their defense to the United States. Kennedy sent Vice President Johnson and a number of military personnel for convoy across West Germany, including through the Soviet checkpoints, to demonstrate that the U.S. commitment in West Berlin continues.
Kennedy gave a speech at Saint Anselm College on May 5, 1960 about the attitude of the United States in the Cold War. The speech detailing how U.S. foreign policy should be applied to African countries. He gave a sign of support for modern African nationalism by saying, "We also used to establish a new nation to revolt against the colonial government."
Cuba and the Bay of Pigs Invasion.
Bay of Pigs Invasion.The Eisenhower administration had previously created a plan to overthrow the Fidel Castro regime in Cuba. Plan led by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with the help of the U.S. military This is an invasion of Cuba by counter-revolutionary forces composed of anti-Castro Cuban exile and coached the U.S. This forces led by CIA paramilitary officers. The goal is invaded Cuba and sparked uprisings among the Cuban people in hopes of dropping Castro from power.
On April 17, 1961, Kennedy ordered the attack that later was given the name "Bay of Pigs Invasion": "Brigade 2506" which consisted of 1,500 US-trained Cubans landed on the island of Cuba. No air support from the United States. Allen Dulles, the CIA director, later stated that they thought the president would allow any action which is necessary for the success of the mission after landing forces.
Dated 19 April 1961, the Cuban government has arrested or killed the invaders who is alienated, and Kennedy was forced to negotiate the release of 1,189 soldiers who survived. After 20 months, Cuba released them in exchange for food and medicine worth $ 53 million. This incident made Castro concerned with U.S. and make sure that such an invasion would happen again.
According to biographer Richard Reeves, Kennedy was more focused on the political impact of the plan rather than the military considerations. If the mission failed, he was convinced the plan was created for libel. Even so, he would be responsible by saying, "... our legs kicked hard and we deserve it. Yet we may learn from these failures."
At the end of 1961, the White House formed the "Special Group (Augmented)". This group is headed by Robert Kennedy and involves Edward Lansdale, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, and others. The purpose of this group is the overthrow Castro via espionage, sabotage, and other secret tactics, but never implemented.
Cuban Missile Crisis.
Dated October 14, 1962, spy plane U-2 belongs to the CIA took the photo sites medium-range ballistic missiles were built in Cuba by the Soviets. The photos were shown to Kennedy on October 16. Consensus was reached that the missiles were offensive and has a nuclear threat. Kennedy faced a dilemma: if a U.S. attacking the place, the result is a nuclear war with the USSR, but if the U.S. do not do anything, the result is increasing the threat of nuclear weapons at close range. A U.S. will also look less committed to the defense in the western hemisphere. Personally, Kennedy felt the need to find a solution to Khrushchev, especially after the Vienna meeting.More than a third of the members of the National Security Council (NSC) proposed a sudden air strike against the missile sites, but some members felt it would build the image of "reverse Pearl Harbor". There is also the reaction of the international community (which was questioned in secret) that the plan of the attack due to excessive U.S. 've put missiles in Turkey during the Eisenhower administration. There is no guarantee that this attack effectively 100%. Majority vote approve the NSC, Kennedy decided to launch a sea quarantine. On October 22, he sent a message to Khrushchev and announced the decision on TV.
A U.S. Navy would stop and inspect all Soviet ships arriving off the coast of Cuba as of October 24. Organization of American States fully supports the missile disarmament. President exchanged two sets of letters with Khrushchev without any impact. Secretary-General of the United Nations U Thant requested that both parties revoke their decision and refrain. Khrushchev agreed, but Kennedy disagreed.
One Soviet-flagged ship was stopped and boarded. On October 28, Khrushchev agreed to vacate the missile sites in accordance UN inspections.
A U.S. publicly promised not to invade Cuba and privately agreed to revoke the missiles in Turkey which at that time had expired and was replaced by submarines loaded with missiles, UGM-27 Polaris.
This crisis is the closest point of the world with nuclear war. In the end, "the humanity" won two leaders. Cuban missile crisis of the U.S. determination to improve the image and credibility of the president. Kennedy immediately gained positive ratings of 66% to 77%.
Latin America and communism.
The main article for this section are: Kennedy and Latin AmericaWith argues that "anyone who makes peaceful revolution impossible will make revolution impossible not hard," Kennedy tried to reduce the perceived threat of communism in Latin America by establishing the Alliance for Progress. The agency sends aid to several countries and demanding standards of human rights are higher in the region. He worked closely with Governor of Puerto Rico Luis Muñoz Marín in the development of the Alliance of Progress, then start planning autonomy of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
When the president took office, the Eisenhower administration through the CIA had to plan the murder of Castro in Cuba and Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic. Kennedy instructed the CIA privately that such a plan must include plausible denial by the U.S. The plan has staked its image in the community. In June 1961, the leader of the Dominican Republic was killed. A few days after the incident, Deputy Secretary of State Chester Bowles made the U.S. population respond to this murder carefully. Robert Kennedy, who saw an opportunity for the U.S., called Bowles "cowardly thugs" directly in front of him.
However, some historians criticized Kennedy for holding double standards surrounding human rights and political freedom. For example, Noam Chomsky found evidence that the coup in Guatemala in 1963 that helped derail the elections out by the Kennedy administration. Chomsky argues Kennedy's support for the coup that brought major policy proposals Jacobo Arbenz, a leading player in the elections, is land reform legislation very populist and hostile to the interests of the United Fruit Company of the United States. Other experts argue that Kennedy and his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, supports the military regime who perform brutal counterinsurgency campaign in the 1960s and killed tens of thousands of civilians.
Peace Corps.
Kennedy was one of the first decisions as president is asking Congress established the Peace Corps. His half brother, Sargent Shriver, became its first director. Through this program, Americans volunteer to help the backward countries in the fields of education, agriculture, health, and development. This organization evolved into 5,000 members in March 1963 and 10,000 the following year. Since 1961, more than 200,000 citizens of a U.S. have joined the Peace Corps and worked in 139 countries.Southeast Asia.
When delivering briefing Kennedy, Eisenhower asserted that the communist threat in Southeast Asia should take precedence. Eisenhower considered Laos as "bottle cap" regional threats. In March 1961, Kennedy proposed a change in policy from supporting Laos "free" into Laos "neutral", indicating privately that Vietnam, not Laos, should be considered as a rope noose United States to prevent the spread of communism in the region.In May 1961, he sent to meet President Lyndon Johnson of South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem. Johnson Diem ensure that the country will receive a lot of assistance to strengthen the fight against communist forces. Kennedy announced a change of policy from support into a partnership with Diem in defeat of communism in South Vietnam.
Kennedy initially followed Eisenhower trail, by using limited military action to fight the Communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh.
He continued policies providing political support, economic, and military to the South Vietnamese government. In late 1961, the Viet Cong began to strengthen its existence, beginning with seizing the provincial capital of Phuoc Vinh.
Kennedy increased the number of helicopters, military advisors and U.S. Special Forces unofficial in that area, but he reluctantly ordered a massive deployment of troops.
In late 1961, President Kennedy sent Roger Hilsman, director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research Department of State, to assess the situation in Vietnam. There Hilsman met Sir Robert Thompson, head of the United Kingdom Advisory Mission to South Vietnam, and the concept of the Strategic Hamlet Program was formed. The program is approved by Kennedy and South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem. The program is implemented in early 1962 and involved the forced relocation, confinement villages, and the countryside of South Vietnam split into new villages farmers isolated from the influence of the Communist rebels. It is expected that these new villages to protect farmers and strengthen the relationship of citizens and the central government. However, in November 1963 the program was formally terminated weakened and 1964.
Early 1962, Kennedy officially allow increased involvement with the approval of the "National Security Action Memorandum - subversive insurgency (War of Liberation)". Secretary of State Dean Rusk was very supportive of U.S. involvement "Operation Ranch Hand", a large-scale aerial defoliation effort, begun in all the side streets of South Vietnam.
Month of April 1963, Kennedy assess the situation in Vietnam: "We do not intend to settle in Vietnam. Society is hate us. They will throw our people anytime., But I do not want to hand over the area to the communist party and force the American people elected me back ".
Kennedy faced a crisis in Vietnam in July. Although a U.S. aid plus, the South Vietnamese military only marginally effective in the fight against the pro-Communist Viet Cong.
Dated August 21, right after a U.S. ambassador The new Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.. arrived, Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother Nhu ordered South Vietnam forces, funded and trained CIA dampen Buddhist demonstrations. This action adds to suspicion of a plot to overthrow Diem and (or by) his brother, Nhu. Lodge was instructed to ask for Diem and Nhu resign and leave the country. Diem did not want to follow the advice Lodge.
Cable 243 (DEPTEL 243), dated August 24, exit to the effect that Washington can not allow anymore Nhu actions, and Lodge was told to suppress Nhu Diem to fire. If Diem refused, the United States will seek an alternative leader. Lodge said the only possible option is to let the South Vietnamese generals overthrew the Diem and Nhu as previously planned.
That weekend, Kennedy learned from Lodge that the Diem government, since the French helped Nhu, perhaps secretly cooperating with the communist-and ask U.S. citizens to leave the country. A warrant was deployed to Saigon and Washington to "destroy all coup wire". At the same time, anti-Vietnam war sentiment of the first official U.S. raised by pastors from the Ministers' Vietnam Committee.
The White House meeting in September filled with various kinds of assessment results. President get a new assessment report on the field after a personal inspection by the Department of Defense (Gen. Victor Krulak) and the State Department (Joseph Mendenhall). Krulak said the military fight against the communists in progress and won, while Mendenhall stated that the U.S. influence increasingly faded in South Vietnam. Kennedy responded by asking, "Do you visit the same country?" The President does not know that they were contrary to the point that they do not talk to each other on the flight home.
In October 1963, the president appointed Defense Secretary McNamara and Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor to perform missions to Vietnam in order to align information and formulation of policy. Taylor McNamara is a mission "emphasized the importance of seeking basic differences reports U.S. representatives in Vietnam". In meetings with McNamara, Taylor and Lodge, Diem again refused to agree to rule the U.S. wants, so McNamara lost his optimism against Diem.
Taylor and McNamara were also told the Vice President of Vietnam, Nguyen Ngoc Tho (Diem potential candidates for replacement in the event of a coup), that information about the Taylor's military successes in the countryside is not true. Because Kennedy insisted, mission statement includes recommendations troop withdrawal timetable: 1,000 people at the end of the year and a full withdrawal in 1965, something which is considered a strategic fantasy by NSC. The report states that the military is finally making progress, that the government is increasingly unpopular Diem vulnerable to a coup, and that the murder of Diem or Nhu possible.
In late October, intelligence wires again reported a coup of the Diem government was imminent. The source, Duong Van Minh Vietnamese General (nicknamed "Big Minh"), wanted to know the U.S. position Kennedy instructed Lodge to offer assistance in secret coup, excluding assassination, and ensure denial of U.S. In the same month, as the coup imminent, Kennedy ordered all wire transferred to his office. The policy of "control and termination" is applied to ensure presidential control of U.S. responses to all and a decision of the trace file.
On 1 November 1963, South Vietnamese generals, led "Big Minh" overthrow the Diem government, arresting and killing Diem and Nhu. Kennedy was shocked by the death of two people. He later learned that Minh had asked the CIA field officers provide safe access and exit Vietnam for Diem Nhu, but was told that the new aircraft could be brought in the next 24 hours. Minh responded that he could not protect them during it.
News of this coup-both initially increase confidence in America and South Vietnam-that the war could be won. McGeorge Bundy designing a National Security Action Memo to presented to Kennedy on his return from Dallas. This memo reiterated the crushing solution communism in Vietnam through military and economic aid and the expansion of operations to Laos and Cambodia. Before leaving for Dallas, Kennedy told Michael Forrestal that "after the beginning of the year ... [he wanted] in-depth study of all possible options, including how to get out of there ... to review this whole thing from the ground up". When asked about his presidential intentions, Forrestal said, "it matters devil worshipers."
Historians have not agreed on whether Vietnam would heat up if Kennedy survived and was elected again in 1964. The statement expressed by Secretary of Defense McNamara in the film "The Fog of War" that Kennedy was strongly consider to withdraw troops from Vietnam after the 1964 election enliven the debate.
The film also contains footage of Lyndon Johnson's statement that Kennedy was planning to withdraw the troops, Johnson's actions were not approved.
Kennedy signed National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) 263 on October 11, which ordered the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year. Such action requires the cancellation of the policy, but Kennedy does not move in a hurry after a speech on world peace at American University on June 10, 1963.
When Robert Kennedy was asked in 1964 what his brother would do if South Vietnam was on the verge of defeat, he replied, "We'll deal with it when we experience it." At the time of Kennedy's death, there is no final policy decisions are made about Vietnam. The involvement of a U.S. in the region increased until Lyndon Johnson, his successor, directly deployed military forces regular U.S. to fight in the Vietnam War. After the Kennedy assassination, President Johnson endorsed NSAM 273 on November 26, 1963. This document cancels Kennedy's decision to withdraw 1,000 troops and reiterated policy of aid to South Vietnam.
American University speech.
On June 10, 1963, Kennedy delivered the graduation speech at American University, Washington, DC, "to discuss a topic that is too often overlooked and rarely seen-but the truth is the most important topic on earth: world peace ... I took the theme of peace because war has a new form ... in a time when a nuclear weapon has ten times the explosive force greater than all the power of the allied forces in the Second World War ... a time when the deadly poisons produced by a nuclear reaction will be spread by wind and air and soil and seed to the farthest ends of the world and the generations unborn human ... therefore, I took the theme of peace as the final rational solution that rational human beings ... world peace, like community peace, does not require that each man love his neighbor-they just need to live accompanied by side with tolerance ... our problems are man-made-therefore also come from human settlement. And man can be as big as whatever it wants. "The president also made two announcements-that the Soviets wanted to negotiate a nuclear test ban treaty and the U.S. atmospheric delay test plan.
West Berlin speech.
In 1963, Germany's vulnerability due to Soviet aggression to the east, de Gaulle French nationalism to the west, and the retirement of West German Chancellor Adenauer. Dated June 26, Kennedy gave a speech in West Berlin that it reaffirms the U.S. commitment to Germany and criticizing communism transform. His speech received tremendous response from the audience.Kennedy uses the construction of the Berlin Wall as an example of the failure of communism: "Freedom has many hurdles, and democracy is not perfect., But we do not have to build walls to ensure the loyalty of our people, preventing them from leaving us." The speech is known for the phrase "Ich bin ein Berliner" ("I am the citizens of Berlin"). One million people listen to Kennedy's speech live on the streets at that time. He then cites Ted Sorensen: "We never had a day like the rest of our lives."
Israel.
In 1960, Kennedy said: "Israel will survive and prosper. States is a form of hope and the home of the brave.'s State can not be broken by setbacks and humbled by success. States carries the shield of democracy and respect the freedom of the sword".Shortly after becoming president, Kennedy began to build security ties with Israel and he became the founder of the U.S. military alliance-Israel, followed by subsequent presidents. Kennedy ended the arms embargo imposed Eisenhower and Truman administration. Calling the protection of Israel as a moral and national commitments, he became the first to introduce the concept of 'special relationship' (he told Golda Meir) between the U.S. and Israel.
Kennedy did not officially extend security guarantees to Israel first in 1962. Since 1963, he was the first U.S. president who allowed the sale of sophisticated U.S. arms to Israel (MIM-23 Hawk) and provide diplomatic support for Israeli policies that opposed the neighboring Arab countries, such as irrigation projects in the Jordan River.
As a result of the establishment of the security alliance, Kennedy created tensions with the Israeli government about the nuclear material production at Dimona which he believed could bring a nuclear arms race in the Middle East. After the existence of a nuclear plant denied by the Israeli government, David Ben-Gurion said in a speech to the Israeli Knesset dated 21 November 1960 that the purpose of the nuclear plant at Beersheba was "a study of the flora and fauna of arid and desert regions".
When Gurion met Kennedy in New York, he claimed that Dimona was developed to provide nuclear power for peaceful purposes desalinization and "for a while".
After Kennedy wrote that he was skeptical and expressed in a letter to Ben-Gurion month of May 1963 that U.S. aid to Israel could be disrupted if reliable information about Israel's nuclear program is not there, Ben-Gurion back guarantee that Dimona was developed for peaceful purposes. The government rejected the U.S. pressure Israel to open its nuclear facilities so that examined the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In 1962, the U.S. and Israeli government approved the annual inspection. Science attaché at the U.S. embassy in Tel Aviv said that most of the Dimona facility is temporarily closed to mislead U.S. scientists when they are visiting there.
According to Seymour Hersh, Israel built a fake control room to show the U.S. envoy. Israel lobbyists, Abe Feinberg, saying that, "It's my job to keep it a secret from the [inspection] Kennedy demanded."
Hersh asserts that the inspection is done in such a way so as to "ensure the whole procedure more than just covering up the truth must be understood as the President and his senior advisers: U.S. inspection teams have to schedule visits in advance and would have to be acceptable to Israel.". Marc Trachtenberg argues: "Despite knowing much about the activities of Israel, Kennedy chose it as satisfactory evidence that Israel complies with the non-proliferation policy of the United States." The U.S. is leading the inspection team said that the main purpose of this inspection is to find "ways that do not lead to action being taken against the Israeli nuclear weapons program".
In March 1965, Rodger Davies, director of the Office of Near Eastern Affairs at the State Department, reported that Israel was developing nuclear weapons. He said that to achieve the target of Israel's nuclear capability was in 1968-69. On May 1, 1968, Undersecretary of State Nicholas Katzenbach told President Johnson that Dimona to produce plutonium in sufficient quantities to produce two bombs a year. The State Department argued that if Israel wanted arms, that state must accept international supervision of its nuclear program. Dimona was never placed under IAEA supervision. All efforts to force Israel to comply with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Dalma U.S. arms supply contract continued until 1968.
Iraq.
In 1963, the Kennedy administration helped a coup against the Iraqi government led by Abdul Karim Qasim. Five years earlier, Qasim overthrew the Iraqi monarchy allied with the West. Dated February 8, 1963, Kennedy received a memo stating: "We will make an unofficial friendly signs that we know who to talk to, and immediately admitted shortly after we are sure that they will continue to accompany us. CIA has a full report on this plan, but I doubt their claim contribution or Great Britain. "CIA plans to drop Qasim, but not implemented.
The new government led by President Abdul Salam Arif and dominated Ba'ath Party (with Nasseris coalition and Iraqi nationalists) using a list provided by the CIA-which is likely to contain the unexpected-communists and left-wing parties for destroying many Iraqi systematically educated elite.
After fighting for power with Prime Minister Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr that Ba'athis, Arif ousted Ba'ath Party from government. Former CIA official James Chritchfield dubious allegations that the CIA offered "active assistance" for the perpetrators of the coup. He claimed that although the CIA "got full information" about the first coup, the agency was "surprised" look at the power struggle that ensued.
Ireland.
In a four-day visit to his ancestral hometown in Ireland in June, 1963, Kennedy received a gift badge of honor from the Chief Herald of Ireland and an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland and Trinity College, Dublin. He visited the cabin in Dunganstown, near New Ross, County Wexford, where his ancestors lived before moving to America.He also became the first foreign leader to speak at Oireachtas (the Irish parliament). On December 22, 2006, the Irish Department of Justice released police documents that indicated an increase in security after Kennedy was targeted three death threats during his visit to Ireland.
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
Compounded by the long-term dangers of radioactive contamination and nuclear weapons proliferation, Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to negotiate a nuclear test ban treaty which was originally proposed when Adlai Stevenson's presidential campaign in 1956.In Vienna meeting in June 1961, Khrushchev and Kennedy make informal agreements against nuclear testing, but the Soviet Union began testing nuclear weapons that September, too. United States responded by testing five days later. Not long after that, the new satellites a U.S. started sending photo confirms that the Soviet Union was behind the U.S. the arms race. Even so, a U.S. nuclear power greater only worth little if the Soviet Union still considers himself equal.
Month of July 1963, Kennedy sent Averell Harriman to Moscow to negotiate a treaty with the Soviets. The trial involves opening the later Khrushchev sent Soviet representative Andrei Gromkyo as. Increasingly clear that a comprehensive test ban would not be enforced, largely because of the reluctance of the Soviet permit to demonstrate compliance inspections.
Finally, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union became a signatory to the beginning of this limited agreement. This treaty prohibits the testing of atoms in the land, air, or underwater, except underground. A U.S. Senate Kennedy ratified and enacted at October 1963. France immediately declared the country is free to continue the development and testing of nuclear defense.
Domestic policy.
Kennedy called the domestic program the "New Frontier" (New Limits). The program with the ambitious promise of federal funding for education, health care for the elderly, economic aid to rural regions, and government intervention to prevent a recession. Kennedy also promised the end of racial discrimination.In State of the Union speech of his in 1963, he proposed massive tax reform and reduction of income tax from the range of 20-90% to 14-65%, he proposed a reduction in the corporate tax from 52 to 47%. Kennedy added that the upper limit should have been 70% if the tax reduction does not apply to certain high-income population. New Congress took action in 1964, after his death, by lowering the upper limit of individual taxes to 70% and the upper limit of the corporate tax to 48% ( see Revenue Act of 1964).
In front of the Economic Club of New York in 1963, he mentions "... the fact that the paradox of value is too high and tax revenues are too few, and the most reasonable way to raise revenue in the long term is to lower the value of the tax now." Congress approved some major programs launched by Kennedy when he was alive, but only hold a vote on 1964-65 under the reign of Johnson.
Economy.
Federal and military death penalty.During his administration, appears the federal death penalty prior to Furman v.. Georgia, the 1972 case that resulted in a moratorium on the federal death penalty. Victor Feguer sentenced to death by a federal court in Iowa and executed on March 15, 1963. Kennedy changed the death sentence passed by the court martial of seaman Jimmie Henderson on February 12, 1962 to life imprisonment.
On March 22, 1962, Kennedy endorsed HR5143 (PL87-423) that abolished the mandatory death penalty for first degree murder cases in the District of Columbia, the only jurisdiction in the United States at that time still apply such penalties. The death penalty was never imposed in the District of Columbia since 1957 and the current status is removed.
Civil rights.
Civil liberties.In 1963, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, who hated civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.. and view it as a search turbulence, the Kennedy administration informed about allegations that a close friend and advisor to King was a communist. Worried that the charges would thwart the civil rights initiative of his administration in the public eye, Robert Kennedy and the president warned King that cut ties with the unpredictable communist. As the relationship continued, Robert Kennedy felt the need to issue a written permission allowing the FBI tapped King and the leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the civil rights organization King.
Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of the phones of King "to be tested for about a month", Hoover extend its license so that his men "liberated" looking for evidence in all areas of life King that they consider valuable. Tapping lasted until June 1966 and was revealed in 1968.
Immigration.
John F. Kennedy initially submitted a proposal overhaul U.S. immigration policy that later became the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, sponsored by Kennedy's brother, Senator Edward Kennedy. This law drastically changed the source of immigration from countries of Northern and Western Europe into Latin America and Asia. This policy change also changed the emphasis in the selection of immigrants that prioritizes family reunification. Kennedy wanted to remove the selection of immigrants based on country of origin and saw it as an extension of his civil rights policies.Native American relations.
Construction of Kinzua Dam flooded of Seneca tribal land area of 10,000 acres (4,047 ha) which they occupy under the Treaty of 1794. The floods forced 600 Seneca residents moved to Salamanca, New York. Kennedy was asked by the American Civil Liberties Union to intervene and postpone the project, but he rejected it, calling the need for flood control. He expressed his concern with the suffering of the Seneca tribe and asked government agencies to help search the land, payment of damages, and assistance to ease their relocation efforts.Space policy.
Apollo program was initiated in the early 1960s during the Eisenhower administration as a continuation of the Mercury program. Although NASA Apollo continued planning, funding has not been so clear because Eisenhower's refusal to manned space flight. Kennedy advisers speculated that the flights to the moon are very expensive, but Kennedy was delaying its decision.Vice-President Kennedy chose Johnson as chairman of the U.S. Space Council, a strong supporter of the U.S. space program that has encouraged the establishment of NASA in the Senate. In State of the Union speech Kennedy in January 1961, he wants the international space cooperation. Khrushchev rejected because the Soviet Union did not want to reveal the capability and technology rocket.
On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space. This event adds to U.S. worries that they lag behind in technological competition with the Soviet Union. Kennedy wants a U.S. be in the forefront in the Space Race for reasons of strategy and prestige. He first announced the target of landing a man on the Moon in the speech to the Joint Session of Congress dated May 25, 1961:
"First, I believe this nation should be totally committed to achieving the goal, before the end of this decade, to landing a man on the Moon and send her back home safely to Earth. Neither space project in this period will seem more intense for mankind or more important for the long-range exploration of space, and none that seem complicated or expensive to implement. " Full text Wikisource has information on "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs"
Full text Wikisource has information on "We choose to go to the moon"
Kennedy's speech at Rice University September 12, 1962 and said:
"No other nation's future leaders who want to fall behind in the space race .... We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things not because they are easy to do, but hard to do." Full text Wikisource has information on "We choose to go to the moon"
On November 21, 1962, in a cabinet meeting with NASA administrator James E. Webb and other officials, Kennedy explained that the trip to the Moon is important because of its prestige at international level and the budget adjusted. Johnson assured Kennedy that the lessons learned from the space program has a high value for the military. Apollo program cost is estimated at $ 40 billion.
In a speech in September 1963 at the United Nations, Kennedy Space encouraging cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States. He specifically suggested that Apollo was changed to "joint expedition to the moon". Khrushchev was again rejected and the new Soviet Union to send a manned mission to the Moon in 1964. On July 20, 1969, approximately six years after the death of Kennedy, Apollo 11, the first manned spacecraft to land on the Moon.
Controversy TFX fighter bomber.
Murder.
President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, at 12:30 pm Central Standard Time the day Friday, November 22, 1963, in a political trip to Texas to quell the internal friction in the Democratic Party between liberals Ralph Yarborough cadres and Don Yarborough (no relation) and a cadre conservative John Connally. He was shot once in the throat, once in the upper back, and a deadly shot in the head.Kennedy was rushed to Parkland Hospital to receive emergency treatment, but declared dead at 13:00. In the age of 46 years, President Kennedy died faster than the U.S. president anywhere until now. Lee Harvey Oswald, an employee of the Texas School Book Depository who allegedly shot from the depository building, was arrested on suspicion of the murder of a local police officer, but never accused of killing Kennedy. He denied shooting people and claim to be the scapegoat. He was killed by Jack Ruby on November 24 before Oswald himself examined or judged. Ruby was then arrested and accused of killing Oswald. Ruby won an appeal against the charges and death sentence but became ill and died of cancer on January 3, 1967 when a new trial date was arranged.
President Johnson formed the Warren Commission-chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren-to investigate the assassination. The Warren Commission concluded Oswald as the lone assassin. The results of this investigation doubted by many parties. The murder has become an important event in U.S. history because of its impact on the whole country and the political influence that appears afterward. Fox News Survey 2004 showed that 66% of U.S. residents suspected there was a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy, while 74% suspect concealed the truth from the public. Gallup Poll survey in mid-November 2013 showed 61% of respondents believe the conspiracy and only 30% believe Oswald did it alone.
Funeral.
Requiem Mass was held for Kennedy at the Cathedral of St.. Matthew the Apostle on November 25, 1963. After that, the body of John F. Kennedy was buried in a small cemetery land (20 x 30 feet) in Arlington National Cemetery. Within 3 years, (1964-66), approximately 16 million people had visited his grave. Dated March 14, 1967, Kennedy's body was moved to a permanent burial ground and headstone at Arlington. His funeral was led by the Rev. John J. Cavanaugh.Tomb Bobby and Ted are designed to follow the headstone of John.
Honor guard funeral of John F. Kennedy is Irish Army Cadet Class 37th. Kennedy was fascinated by the Irish Cadets on his last official visit to Ireland to the extent that Jackie Kennedy requested the Irish Army to be the honor guard troops funeral.
Kennedy's wife, Jacqueline and two youngest children are also buried with him. His brother, Senator Robert Kennedy, was buried near John in June 1968. In August 2009, his brother, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, was also buried near her siblings. Tomb of John F. Kennedy illuminated "Eternal Fire". Kennedy and William Howard Taft are the two U.S. Presidential are buried in Arlington.
According to the JFK Library, I Have a Rendezvous with Death by Alan Seeger is one of the favorite poems of John F. Kennedy and he often asked his wife to read it.
Kennedy Family.
He met his future wife, Jacqueline Lee "Jackie" Bouvier (1929-1994), while serving as a member of Congress. Charles L. Bartlett, a journalist, introduced the two in a dinner event. They were married a year after Kennedy was elected senator, on September 12, 1953. [216] The Kennedy family is one of the most influential political family in the United States. Some members consist of a president, three senators, and several members of the House of Representatives in both the federal and state level. Jack's father, Joe, is a prominent businessman and political figure ever to hold the United States many positions, including Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 to 1940.In October 1951, while holding a third term as a member of the 11th congressional district of Massachusetts, Kennedy, who was then aged 34 years seven weeks to travel to India, Japan, Vietnam, and Israel with 25-year-old brother, Bobby (fresh out of school law four months earlier) and 27-year-old brother, Pat. Because the age difference is not much, they do not excommunicate each other. Travel as far as 25,000-mile (40,000 km) This is the first holiday spent time together and they are friends with each other.
Bobby Kennedy is campaign manager in 1952 Senate campaign and 1960 presidential campaigns. Both worked together since 1957 to 1959 in the Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor and Management Field. Robert is the chief adviser on the committee. During Kennedy's presidency, Robert served in his cabinet as Attorney General and was his closest advisor.
Kennedy is a lifetime member of the National Rifle Association. Kennedy is ranked third (after Martin Luther King, Jr.., And Mother Teresa) in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century.
"Camelot era"
Kennedy Brothers: Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Senator Ted Kennedy, and President John F. Kennedy 1963Kennedy and his wife were younger in comparison to the previous president and first lady. They are both popular culture and the media tend to be aligned with the pop singer and movie star rather alilh politician. They affect fashion trends and becoming the subject of photos in popular magazines. Although Eisenhower permit you presidential news conference filmed for broadcast on television, Kennedy was the first president to ask for a press conference broadcast live well and take advantage of the broadcast.
Mrs. Kennedy brought new paintings and furniture to the White House and take care of him. Kennedy family inviting artists, writers, and intellectuals to a White House dinner that immediately raised the prestige of the arts in the United States.
Kennedy figure deeply embedded in the culture. It can be seen from songs such as "Twisting at the White House". First Family comedy album Vaughn Meader masterpiece, an album that President, First Lady, their families, and administration, sold over four million copies. Dated May 19, 1962, Marilyn Monroe sang "Happy Birthday, Mr.. President" in a large party in Madison Square Garden which celebrated the anniversary of the 45th Kennedy. Charisma of Kennedy and his family made his reign was given the nickname "Camelot" by his wife. Jackie coined this term in an interview with Theodore White post-Kennedy assassination because he was fond of contemporary Broadway musical of the same title.
Health.
A few years after Kennedy's death, it was revealed that in September 1947, when Kennedy was 30 years old and is serving his first term in Congress, he was diagnosed with Addison's disease, a rare endocrine disorder, by Sir Daniel Davis from The London Clinic. In 1966, the White House physician Janet Travell said that Kennedy also suffered from hypothyroidism. The existence of two endocrine diseases reinforce the notion that Kennedy poliendokrin autoimmune syndrome type 2 (APS 2).Kennedy suffered from chronic and severe back pain, so it needs to be dissected and recorded in the Archives of Surgery that drafted the American Medical Association. Kennedy's condition may have diplomatic influence. He was seen taking a number of medications to relieve back pain during a meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna in 1961. Drugs include hormones, animal organ cells, steroids, vitamins, enzymes, and amphetamines, and its side effects may include hyperactivity, hypertension, impaired judgment, nervousness, and mood turnover. Kennedy regularly often seen with three doctors, one of whom, Max Jacobson, is not known by two other doctors. How controversial treatment and is applied to the points most severe back pain.
Until the end of 1961, there is disagreement among doctors about the balance of medication and exercise. The President chose medicine because he did not have much time to spare and like fast healing. At that time, the doctor president, George Burkley, posted a number of tools gymnasium in the basement of the White House. Kennedy practice stretching back there three times a week.
Details of the activity and other health problems kept secret until the end of life Kennedy.
Personal tragedy.
Behind the fame, the Kennedy family suffered many personal tragedies. Jackie had a miscarriage in 1995 and a stillbirth in 1956. His son, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, died shortly after birth in August 1963. Their two children managed to survive to adulthood. One of the fundamental things that owned the Kennedy family is a tragic event that is hereditary. Several family members died due to accidents and sudden nature.Jack's brother, Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.., Died in World War II at the age of 29 years. Joe Jr.. the original is a figure that is expected to become the presidential family. Then Jack and his brother, Bobby, died killed. Ted had almost died twice, first when a plane crash in 1964 and the last in 1969 when a car accident, known as the Chappaquiddick incident. Ted died at the age of 77 years dated August 25, 2009 as suffering from malignant brain tumors.
Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born in 1957 and is the only member of the family that JFK was still alive. John F. Kennedy, Jr.. was born in 1960, a few weeks after his father was elected. John Jr.. died in 1999 when a small plane crashed in flight to Martha's Vineyard. The accident killed John Jr.. and his wife, Carolyn Bessette, and sister-in-law.
Extra-marital relationships.
Marilyn Monroe, President Kennedy (back to camera), and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in 1962.As a bachelor in 1940, Kennedy in a relationship with a Danish journalist Inga Arvad, and actress Gene Tierney. Kennedy also been associated with a number of women, including Marilyn Monroe, Gunilla von Post, Judith Campbell, Mary Pinchot Meyer, Marlene Dietrich, Mimi Alford, and Jackie's press secretary, Pamela Turnure.
The extent to which the relationship with Monroe Kennedy will never be known, although they reportedly spent the weekend together in March 1962 when Kennedy stayed at Bing Crosby home. In addition, the White House telephone operator noted a few phone calls from Monroe during the year 1962.
J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI director, received a number of reports about the behavior of romance Kennedy. But members of President Kennedy's secret service team who survived, had stated that there was no affair between Kennedy and Monroe.
The team members and supporters are very loyal to Kennedy.
According to Reeves, loyalty involves "a lot of liaison Kennedy require confidentiality and loyalty that is rarely found in the list of active tasks that are required of the successful politician". Kennedy believes that his friendship with press colleague will help cover the secret sex life.
Lineage.
The Kennedy family originally came from Dunganstown, County Wexford, Ireland.In 1848, Patrick Kennedy (1823-1858) left his farm and boarded the ship in New Ross with the aim of Liverpool on his way to Boston. There he met the woman who would marry, Bridget Murphy (c.1824-1888).
Patrick came to Boston and worked as a migrant worker. He died eight or nine years later due to cholera. They have three daughters and two sons. His eldest son died when he was young due to cholera. Patrick left his wife and four children. Is the youngest child of Joseph Patrick Kennedy.
Ancestor John F. Kennedy.
Influence.
Television became the primary source of information about the assassination of John F. Kennedy. In fact, before the murder occurred television just emerging. According to the CBS Evening News anchorman, Walter Cronkite, on 2 September 1962, Kennedy joined inaugurate a half-hour nightly newscast's first networked in the United States. Newspapers kept as souvenirs rather than sources of information. Kennedy murder was big news at the same time the world's first television television coverage uniting the nation the United States. All the news trying to interpret what was going on and managed to save this event in history. All three major television networks a U.S. postpone their regular show and switched to full news coverage since 22 November until 25 November 1963. With a total of over 70 hours of broadcast, the Kennedy assassination became the topic of news longest in the United States after 9/11.Kennedy's state funeral procession and the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald was broadcast live in the United States and several other countries in the world. His funeral was the first of three state funeral that occurred in the previous 12 months. The other two are the funeral of General Douglas MacArthur and President Herbert Clark Hoover. The third cemetery have two things in common: the commander general of the Military District of Washington who was present when it was held by Army Major General Philip C. Wehle and nirjokinya horse was Black Jack. The horse was also present at the funeral of Lyndon B. Johnson.
Kennedy Assassination affects many people, not only in the United States, but also around the world. Some people who vividly remember where they were when you first heard the news of Kennedy's assassination, as well as the attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 and September 11 attacks. UN Ambassador Adlai Stevenson said, "all of us ... will bring sadness as a result of his death until the day we die alone." Many people also spoke about the news, accompanied by a sense of ignorance about the identity of the killer, the likely culprit, and since his murder as the final act of the sanctity of Kennedy, then mixed with a series of events throughout the 1960s, including the Vietnam War.
U.S. Special Forces (U.S. Special Forces) has a special bond with Kennedy. "President Kennedy was the one who rebuilt the Special Forces Green Beret and restore us," said Forrest Lindley, author of the U.S. military newspaper Stars and Stripes who served with Special Forces in Vietnam.
This bond was shown at the funeral of JFK. On the 25th anniversary of JFK's death, Gen.. Michael D. Healy, the last commander of Special Forces in Vietnam, made a speech at Arlington Cemetery, and the leaves are placed in the tomb of the Green Beret Kennedy. This tradition continues today and usually involves a sergeant in charge of Special Forces soldiers guarding his tomb.
Kennedy was the first president of the six presidents who had served in the U.S. Navy One of the surviving legacy of his reign was the establishment of Navy SEALs special forces commandos in 1961 were strongly supported Kennedy.
In the end, the death of President Kennedy and the confusion that occurred around the fact the murder was political and historical. His murder became a "turning point and a sign of declining confidence in the people of the United States against the existing political institutions". The statement was made by a number of commentators from Gore Vidal to Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.. Oliver Stone and used in a number of films such as JFK (1991).
Although President Kennedy against segregation and showed his support for the civil rights of African Americans, he initially chose a more orderly approach after seeing the political realities it faces in Congress, especially along the South Conservatives. Since the demonstrations pushed by civil rights Martin Luther King, Kennedy proposed legislative action in 1963. In a radio address and his TV June 1963-a century after President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation-Kennedy became the first president to ask all the people of the United States to label racism as morally wrong. Kennedy's civil rights proposals fruitful Civil Rights Act of 1964.
President Lyndon B. Johnson, Kennedy's successor, continued his legacy and the passage of the Civil Rights Act imposes before a divided Congress with bringing up memories of the slain president. President Johnson then endorsed the legislation on July 2, 1964. The civil rights laws put an end to the existence of "Solid South" and some chapters are designed to follow the Civil Rights Act of 1875 signed by President Ulysses S. Grant.
Policy of economic and military aid to South Vietnam that Kennedy inherited from President Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower opens wide the door for President Johnson to exacerbate the conflict. At the time of Kennedy's death, there is no final policy decision is made to Vietnam, so a lot of renowned historians, members of the cabinet, and writers who do not agree on whether the Vietnam conflict can escalate if he is still alive.
Even so, its approval of NSAM 263 that will pull 1,000 troops by the end of 1963 and a speech at the American University in the early hint that he is ready to end the Vietnam War. Vietnam War contributed to the decades of great national suffering of the people due to the deep disappointment of the political landscape at that time.
Many of Kennedy's speeches, especially his inaugural address, which is considered iconic. Despite his relatively short and not much change in the magnitude legislati embodied in his reign, the people of the United States often chose Kennedy as one of the best presidents, in parallel with Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Kennedy's inauguration speech quotes carved on a plaque at his grave at Arlington.
He was given the Pacem in Terris Award is retired. The name of the award diambl encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII in 1963 that called on all well-intentioned people to maintain peace across the nation. Pacem in Terris is Latin phrase which means 'Peace on Earth'.
President Kennedy is the only president who left his mother and father. He is also the only president who left his grandmother. Mary Josephine Hannon Fitzgerald died in 1964, eight months after the Kennedy assassination.
Coat.
In 1961, the Chief Herald of Ireland presents Kennedy emblem for all descendants of Patrick Kennedy. The design follows the symbol symbols O'Kennedy of the Ormonde family crest and FitzGerald of Desmond who is believed to be the ancestors of the family of John F. Kennedy. Symbol depicting the head of an armored hand holding four arrows between two olive branches. These elements taken from the emblem of the United States and a symbol of Kennedy and her sisters.Kennedy received a ring symbol of his wife as a birthday gift 44th. The body of such symbols is incorporated into the epitome of the USS John F. Kennedy. After the assassination, the Kennedy name pinned by the Canadian government on a mountain, Mount Kennedy. His younger brother, Robert Kennedy, climb the mountain in 1965 to plant a flag at the top of the emblem Kennedy.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/john-fitzgerald-kennedy.html
DatePublished: February 08, 2014 at 11:51
7MHPNPADAEFWTag ; President of the United States to 35, JF Kennedy
