The meaning and purpose of accommodation.

In terms of accommodation, destination accommodation, consisting of several forms of accommodation. Definition of accommodation according to the definition of experts who say that the notion of accommodation is a way to resolve conflict without destroying the opponent so that the opponent does not lose his personality. Accommodation is part of the forms of social interaction associative, which had previously been discussed associative understanding of social interaction in which there has been no forms of social interaction associative including accommodation, where the associative social interaction are the kinds of social interaction. Accommodation has a purpose and forms of accommodation such as those below.

A. The purpose of accommodation.

The purpose of the property include the following.

1). Reduce conflict between individuals or groups of people as a result of disagreement.
2). Prevent the explosion of a conflict for a while,
3). Allow for collaboration between groups with each other apart because of cultural life.
4). Merge separate social group.

B. Forms of accommodation.

The accommodation has several forms as follows.

Coercion. 

Coercion is a form of accommodation that the process is carried out by force because one of the parties is in a weak position.

Compromise. 

Compromise is a form of accommodation where the warring parties reduce their demands in order to achieve settlement of existing disputes.

Arbitration. 

Arbitration is one way to reach a compromise if the warring parties are not able to deal with alone. Arbitration is done by presenting a third party approved by both parties.

Conciliation. 

Conciliation is a desire to bring business warring parties to seek a solution.

Tolerance. 

Tolerance is one of the forms of property without consent, but needed mutual understanding.

Stalemate. 

Stalemate is a form of accommodation in which the conflicting parties to stop at a certain point because they have equal strength.

Adjudication. 

Adjudication is a problem-solving process in court. Thanks Bambang have read this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 25, 2014 at 13:14

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Wary of White Water Dangers Behind.

Water is an essential element for living a clean and healthy. Nevertheless, there are hidden dangers behind the freshness of the water.

Some dangers to watch out for:

Bisphenol A.

Bisphenol A or commonly known as Bisphenol A is a chemical found in certain plastic bottles. Bottles containing Bisphenol A can be melted and into the food or beverage. It is certainly detrimental to health, especially the health of children. Therefore, when choosing a bottle of drinking water, choose one that is free of Bisphenol A.

Do not wash bottle.

Got a water bottle itself is more efficient and environmentally friendly. However, make sure to drink a bottle washed every day. Bacteria love to live in a damp and warm. Wash bottle with water and soap, then dry.
artificial sweeteners
Water is the most healthy of course water without additional sweeteners or other substances. In order for water or tea water feels more healthy and tasty, add slices of lemon into it.

Drinking too much.

Most of us do not drink enough, but there is also much to drink. Overhydration is equally dangerous. Overhydration can cause hyponatremia, a state in which the levels of sodium in the body down and the cells begin to swell. So says the Mayo Clinic website.
To avoid dehydration or overhydration, drink in moderation, do not drink until you feel full and not want to eat.
caffeine

Actually caffeine fix benefit memory and concentration. However, most of the caffeine is also not useful. Stop drinking coffee after two cups of coffee. Drink water to relieve thirst. Most drinking coffee can make us become restless and difficult to sleep. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 25, 2014 at 12:50

Tag : Wary of White Water Dangers Behind.

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Losses Using Plastic Bottles.

Almost all kinds of bottle use containers made of plastic. Its lightweight and strong made of plastic material is more widely used than with the packaging of other materials.

Plastics are synthetic materials that are produced by using all kinds of compounds. Although there are several types of plastics, such as PET plastic, safe to use, but the plastic bottles is actually meant only used once.

Plastic packaging actually cause problems if the object is recycled and used again. This is because the plastic will decompose to release a chemical called Bisphenol A into the water.

Bisphenol A has some negative effect on the body's hormones, including :

- Behavioral disorders
- Lowered immunity
- Early puberty in girls
- Fertility problems
- Reduce the number of sperm
- Disorders of learning
- Diabetes
- Obesity
- Prostate cancer and breast

Plastic bottle also contains chemicals called phthalates, a substance that helps the manufacture of PVC plastic more flexible. Phthalates have been linked to various health problems such as liver cancer, lowered sperm counts and other reproductive problems.

Currently it has a lot of plastic bottles are labeled Bisphenol A free or free content bhisphenol. To be safe, choose a plastic bottle with the label, especially plastic bottles used for milk or food container children.

Environmental impact.

As you know that plastic is bad for the environment. Biodegradable plastic depending on the type of plastic used and the unraveling process can take anywhere between 450 to 1,000 years.

About 50 billion plastic bottles are used every year around the world, so that the location of waste disposal will hardly enough to accommodate all of them.

If a bottle can hold one liter of water, it takes three liters of water to make it. After the bottles produced, this water can not be used for anything else so immediately discarded.

In addition, 17 million barrels of oil are used to produce these bottles every year. As much fuel as it can be to move one million cars throughout the year. Not to mention the fuel required to transport the bottles is quite large because of the weight increase after filled with water.

Overall, in terms of health and the environment is much better if you use glass bottles instead of plastic ones. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 25, 2014 at 12:25

Tag : Losses Using Plastic Bottles.

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Lasik surgery Without Knives.

Lasik has been widely used to treat eye nearsighted or minus eye to the cylinder. Technology for LASIK continues to grow in Indonesia.

Previously, appears iLASIK technology which is lasik surgery without the use of a scalpel to open the surface layer of the cornea (flap). High-Definition iLASIK using IFS Advanced Femtosecond Laser so that 100 percent of the flap is made without touching the eye scalpel.

Not to stop there, the latest developments on the recorder now eyes are iDesign profile. New technologies in this archipelago Eye Clinic uses a high-definition sensor and is capable of capturing 1,200 of data points. Data eyes that captured more accurately than previous instruments, namely wave scan.

"Accuracy is five times more precise," said Ophthalmologist, Eye Clinic Annette Mariza in the archipelago, South Jakarta, Tuesday (09/09/2014).

Like a camera, iDesign have higher megapixels so as to catch the eye more detail. Lasik surgery success depends heavily on the process of recording this eye profile. "Data from here (iDesign) we enter into the machine LASIK," said Annette.

DIAN MAHARANI iDesign, the latest technology for LASIK surgery that has a higher degree of accuracy to make eye profile. Lasik is a surgery to cure eye minus or nearsightedness or cylinder.

With a high degree of accuracy, iDesign certainly minimize the risk of excessive or less sharp vision (under or over correction) after surgery.

Annette explains, workmanship LASIK is like sand layers of the cornea. LASIK surgery was painless and requires a short time. For about 20 minutes, the patient's eye will be kept open with eye opener. When the patient was asked to focus only looked at one point on the laser machine. When dry eye, the doctor will help give eye drops.

However, LASIK is only recommended for age above 18 years. Therefore, after the passing of the age, eye development has stalled. "Minus was considered completed at the age of 18 years, baseball add again. Despite the age of 25 or 30 to the top of the minus is still growing," said Annette.

After surgery, the first in about 6 hours eyesight little foggy and glare. But after that will gradually improve and return to normal vision.

Lasik can permanently eliminate eye problems or cylinder minus be back to normal. Ophthalmologist Viktor Rasoebala added, 95 percent of patients who undergo LASIK surgery visual acuity returned to normal. After LASIK, they did not need to use glasses or minus cylinder.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/12/lasik-surgery-without-knives.html
DatePublished: December 25, 2014 at 12:00

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About Eye Surgery.

Eye plastic surgery, or which in the language of medicine called Blepharoplasty is a procedure that most people do in Korea. In the eyes of the general characteristics of Asia including Korea does not have double eyelids, small and slender shape. Therefore, it has been developed methods of operation to get big eyes, beautiful and glowing with the eyelid crease, epicanthoplasty and lateral canthoplasty, etc.
The more people who have done double eyelid surgery so if someone says that he has done plastic surgery eye, then usually people think that the question is a simple double eyelid surgery. But actually double eyelid surgery was not an easy operation. Plastic surgery eye surgery is not only to create double eyelids, but there are many other procedures that are tailored to the needs of each patient.

There are several types of double eyelid surgery. Based on the method of operation, no surgery without incision, the incision, and the partial incision. Based on the shape of the eyelid crease is no form infold, outfold, in-outfold. Infold Called when the eyelid crease in the position overlapping with the lash line. Disebutoutfold when in position above the lash line and called in-outfold if only slightly touch the lash line (see picture). Plastic surgeon will help choose the shape of the eyelid that match the shape of your face and methods of operation that are tailored to the circumstances of your eyelid.

If the double eyelid surgery is a common procedure in plastic surgery eye, then kantoplasti and correction of ptosis surgery is a procedure that has been upgraded. A person can not be called beautiful just by making the eyelids to raise his eyes. The proportion of the width and length of the eye, eye and face shape as a whole, as well as large and long eye should also be considered. Eye plastic surgery called a success if someone looks different even without other operations.

For example, someone with big eyes and a clear double eyelid memorable hard and cruel when the outer end of his ride. This case can be solved by lowering the outer end of the eye. A person with both eyes were distant from each other makes it seem frustrated and even nose looks too low. This can be overcome by epicanthoplasty procedure. This procedure makes the eyes look fresher and brighter appearance, even nose also looks sharp. There is also a person with eyelid muscles to open the eyes of the weak so that it looks sleepy. This can be overcome with ptosis correction to tighten the muscles that are used to open the lid so that the eye is clear and looks great. This procedure is much in demand by young people today.

In addition, along with the aging process, the bottom of the eye becomes thicker because of the fat penumpukaan that person becomes visibly upset and older. This can be overcome by surgical removal of fat under the eyes. Furthermore sagging eyelids can also be solved with upper blepharoplasty procedures and wrinkles under the eyes can be corrected through the lower blepharoplasty procedure.

Basically, eye plastic surgery is not a simple procedure. This operation is the most popular plastic surgery but also one of the highest operating frequency of revision. This type of surgery is also very diverse and only the differences are very small, can change a person's appearance overall. Therefore, if you want to perform plastic surgery eye, you better consult the specialist to get the ideal shape of the eye in any way you'd expect. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 25, 2014 at 11:29

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Christmas is celebrated.

Merry Christmas.

May the light of Christmas will stay in our hearts and be a light to the family as well as others. I hope the new year brings a lot of hope and encouragement for the work. Merry Christmas to the celebrating, and Happy New Year to all Blogger in the world.

To all Bloggers around the world, with this Bambang Sunarno say "Merry Christmas"

May the friendship between Blogger continuously interwoven.

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DatePublished: December - 2014.

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Lidar.

LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology using the properties of scattered light to find range and get an object from the intended target. The method for determining the distance of an object is by using laser pulses. Such as radar technology, which uses radio waves, the distance to the object is determined by measuring the time interval between transmission of a pulse and detection of the transmitted signal. LIDAR technology has uses in the field of geomatics, archeology, geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology, physical atmosphere, and others. Another term for LIDAR is ALSM (Airborne laser swath mapping) and laser altimetry. Acronyms LADAR (Laser Detection and Ranging) is often used in a military context. The term is also used laser radar but do not touch because it uses laser light instead of radio waves which are the basis of conventional radar. LIDAR uses infrared light, ultraviolet, visible, or near the object image and can be used for various targets, including objects of non-metal, rock, rain, chemicals, aerosols, clouds and even a single molecule. A laser beam can be used to obtain a physical map features with very high resolution. LiDAR has been used extensively to study the atmosphere and meteorology. LIDAR instruments fitted to aircraft and satellites used for surveying and mapping. The most recent example is NASA's Advanced Research Lidar Experiment. In addition, lidar has been identified by NASA as a key technology to enable precision landing safest for future robotic and manned vehicle to the moon landing. In addition, there are various applications of LiDAR, as is often mentioned in the National Programme LIDAR datasets, USA.

Farming and Plantation.

LIDAR can be used to help farmers determine which areas of their land field to apply fertilizer distribution. LIDAR can make a map of the topology of the field and reveal slope and sun exposure of farmland. Researchers at the Agricultural Research Service call right, with LiDAR datasets able to obtain topology information with the condition of agricultural land from previous years. From this information, researchers can determine the category of agricultural land into high-grade, medium, or low - to produce a distribution zone land conditions. This technology is valuable to farmers because it shows which areas to implement the spread of fertilizer in order to achieve the highest yields.

Archeology.

LIDAR has many applications in the field of archeology, including assisting in the planning field survey, mapping feature under the forest canopy, and give a broad picture-detail, and others. LIDAR can also help archaeologists to create a digital elevation model (DEM) high resolution of archaeological sites, which can reveal the hidden micro-topography by vegetation. LIDAR and its derivatives can be easily integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) for analysis and interpretation. For example, in Fort Beausejour - Fort Cumberland National Historic Site, Canada, features previously undiscovered archaeological have successfully mapped associated with Fortress siege in 1755. Features which can not be distinguished in the field or through aerial photography identified by overlaying hillshades of DEM made with lighting from various angles. With LIDAR, the ability to produce high-resolution datasets fast and relatively inexpensive. In addition to efficiency, ability to penetrate the forest canopy has been providing discovery features that can not be distinguished by traditional geospatial methods and difficult to reach through field surveys.

Biology and Conservation.

LIDAR widely applied in the field of forestry. Canopy height, measurements of biomass, and leaf area can all be studied using LIDAR system. Topographic maps can also be produced easily from LIDAR, including for use in the production variant of forest maps. Another example, Redwood Rescue League is conducting a project to map the height of trees on the north coast of California. LIDAR enable research scientists to not only measure the height of trees that previously uncharted, but to determine the redwood forest biodiversity. Stephen Sillett who worked on the North Coast League LIDAR project claim that this technology will be useful in guiding future efforts to preserve and protect the old redwood trees.

Geomorphology and Geophysics.

High-resolution digital elevation maps generated by LIDAR has spurred significant advances in the field of geomorphology. LIDAR ability to detect subtle topographic features such as river terraces and the edge of the river channel, measuring the elevation of the ground surface beneath the canopy of vegetation, resulting in a spatial derivative elevation, and detecting changes in elevation on the Earth's surface. LIDAR data collected by private companies and academic consortium in support of the collection, processing and archiving LIDAR datasets available to the public. National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM), supported by the National Science Foundation, collect and distribute LiDAR data to support scientific research and education in various fields, particularly the geosciences and ecology. In geophysics and tectonics, the combination of LIDAR and GPS-based aircraft have evolved into an important tool for detecting faults and measure the material removal. The output of these two technologies can produce extremely accurate elevation models for terrain that can even measure the elevation of the ground through the trees. This combination has been used to find the location of the Seattle Fault in Washington, USA. This combination is capable of measuring the material removal in Mt. St Helens using data from the glacier before and after appointment in 2004. monitor airborne LIDAR system has the ability to detect subtle increase or decrease the amount of material. A NASA ICESat satellite-based system that includes a LIDAR system is applied for this purpose. NASA's Airborne Topographic Mapper is used extensively to monitor glaciers and coastal change analysis. This combination is also used by soil scientists when making land surveys. Terrain modeling detail allows a soil scientist to see changes in the form of land slope and show patterns in the spatial relationships.

Transportation.

LIDAR systems have been used in the Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) for the car. Systems such as those by Siemens and Hella using lidar device mounted on the front of the vehicle, such as bumpers, to monitor the distance between the vehicle and each vehicle in front of him. Vehicle in front slows down or too close, ACC applies the brakes to slow the vehicle. When the road ahead is clear, ACC allows the vehicle to accelerate to the speed preset by the driver.

Military.

Some lidar applications for the military provide higher resolution imagery to identify enemy targets, such as tanks. LADAR name is more commonly used in the military. Examples of military applications such LIDAR Airborne Laser Mine Detection System (ALMDS) for counter-mine warfare with Arete Associates. A NATO statement (RTO-TR-SET-098) states that: based on the LIDAR system, the task force recommends that the best choice for near-term applications (2008-2010) of the stand-off detection system UV LI. Long-Range Biological Standoff Detection System (LR-BSD) was developed for the US Army to provide early warning on biological attacks. It is air system brought by helicopter to detect artificial aerosol cloud containing biological and chemical weapons at long distances.

Monitoring and Supporting Technical.

Theoretically lidar consists of three components, namely :

• Global Positioning System (GPS)
In the LIDAR system, GPS positioning system is used as a flying vehicle in 3D (X, Y, Z or L, B, h) of the reference system specific. when doing LIDAR survey. Differential positioning is done so that it can observe objects that are stationary position or bergerak.Karena position measurements performed in real time, the GPS determination method was called Real Time Kinematics Differential GPS (RTK-DGPS).
• Inertial Navigation System (INS)
INS is a navigation system that is able to detect changes in the geographical, speed changes, and change the orientation of an object. The system is capable of measuring large changes in flying vehicle orientation angles to the direction of the north, a large movement of the angle of rotation of the flying vehicle-axis horizontal axis, flying vehicle acceleration, until the temperature and pressure of the air around the vehicle to fly. From the results of measurements that can be performed by the INS, can produce three-dimensional information such as orientation and position of flying vehicle.
• Laser Sensor
LIDAR sensor is used to emit a laser beam to an object and record the wave reflection back after about the object. In general wave emitted by the sensor consists of two parts, namely the green wave and infrared waves. Green wave function as a wave penetration if a laser beam on the water area. Green beam is used to measure the depth of the data, while the infrared light is used to measure the topography of the data or the earth's surface. LIDAR sensor strength is closely associated with:
• The power of the laser beam generated
• Coverage of the laser beam wave
• The amount of laser light generated per second
LIDAR sensor has the ability to return multiple measurements. Multiple return is used to determine the shape of the object or vegetation that covered the ground. Waves emitted and reflected not only on the surface of the ground, but also on the objects that exist on the surface of the ground. Each reflection was measured intensity, in order to obtain a picture or shape of objects that cover the surface of the soil.

LIDAR measurements.

The working principle is generally LIDAR sensor emits a laser beam on the target then the light is reflected back to the sensor. Beam that is captured and analyzed by the detector equipment. Changes in the composition of the light received from a target is set as an object character. Travel time when the light emitted and received back needed as a variable in the computation of the distance from the object to the sensor.                              

In the selected vehicle (aircraft) mounted Laser Scanner, GPS, and INS. Based on the desired scale and broad product scope, it can be determined flyway. At a predetermined flight path of the aircraft to shoot / penyiaman (scanning). Well, at the time of laser scanners do penyiaman along the flyway, at any given time interval recorded position (using GPS) and the orientation (using INS). This process is carried out until all the planned flight path can disiam. At this stage of data processing can be divided into 3 parts, the processing of GPS data, INS, and LIDAR. Processing of GPS and INS conducted separately by post processing to obtain the position and orientation of the laser scanner along the trajectory (trajectory flight path).

The principle of radar signal processing was done to determine the distance between the Laser Scanner with objects (eg roof of the building. It is quite interesting here is to be found 4 coordinate system, namely: System coordinates GPS receivers, INS coordinate systems, coordinate system Laser Scanner, and the map coordinate system . in the context of photogrammetry, 4th coordinate system can be connected in the form of a vector. the vector map coordinate system is the vector sum of the resultant vector coordinate system with INS and GPS receiver Laser Scannner.

Preliminary data after Lidar measurements obtained in the form:

1. The coordinates of control points (BM) field measurements using GPS Geodetic (Adjustment report) and the results of kinematic GPS plane.
2. RAW Lidar Data in native format file system LAS
3. Image metric medium format color photographs in digital format
4. Map of the flyway.

1. Do Lidar Mapping.

Lidar stands: Light Detection And Ranging, which means (in free translation) is the object recognition from the air (airborne) using light (laser) and measuring the distance from the sensor to the object to be recognized.
The laser beam is a beam that has not seemed Infrared waves have a wavelength of about 1000 nanometers, because of the specifications, the laser can penetrate the foliage to reach the soil surface and is reflected back to be captured by a laser sensor to note the difference of time spent starting out from the sensor to re-arrested sensor. So that the distance obtained or called by Range is half the round-trip time multiplied by the speed of propagation of a laser is used. The laser beam used to be harmless to the human eye (eye safe).
If the position coordinates and elevation of the laser sensor is known (with a tech GPS / INS), then any object that reflects the laser beam can be known position and elevation to the reference plane used.
So that each position coordinates and elevation can be used for mapping, in particular topographic mapping is utilizing ground surface elevation that reflects the laser beam scanning when done. Furthermore, the elevation of any point on the surface of the soil can be used to construct the Digital Surface Model / MPDyang useful for modeling the surface area and the manufacture of contour lines for mapping.
To present an overview of the soil surface planimitris details such as Roads, Building, River, transmission lines, such as land cover types of vegetation, agricultural areas, plantation, cultivation, mining, water bodies DLS region, done by drawing on a digital aerial photos as a complete system Lidar .

2. What Lidar System Components.

There are three main components, namely Lidar system: Laser generator-GPS / INS-digital camera.
Laser generator function for the target object from an aircraft and measures the travel time when the target object. Normally equipped with a data recorder. The laser beam is not lengsung dibidikan to object on the ground, but were fired through a glass shaken so that it will form a shot towards the right-left of the sensor. If the sensor moves being taken by plane, then shots of laser generator is a collection point with a certain width (normally form a 60º angle from the axis of the establishment) that will form the swath (width shooting elongated in the direction of movement of aircraft fly) GPS / INS is used to determine the position and the deviation angle from the direction of the X axis, Y axis and Z axis of the laser generator so that each laser shot of the object can be determined coordinates (Latitude-Longitude) and elevation of the reference set. The digital camera is a camera that can record the target object ckupan laser beam with a width equal to the laser beam swath coverage

3. What is the Fullwaveform Lidar technology in the system and what the benefits are used in Indonesia.

During the implementation of the Lidar scanning the laser beam pointing the way toward the object surface soil, every shot of the object will be reflected back to the laser generator, the system is called the leading edge of technology. So it is possible reflection of the first object back to the generator called the first return, followed by the system last reflection on the object that is the ground, and return to the generator and reflection between the first and last return. Systems like this are most Lidar system in general. Other Lidar system is a system called Fullwaveform technology, wherein each of the reflected laser beam on the object and will continue to further the objects so on until the final reflection which is the ground level. So that each will have a range of shooting multiple wave for each object that is passed.
Criteria last return in the form of the ground is the length of the object that is 6 milliseconds. If the laser beam on the object of more than 6 milliseconds then the light should go back to the generator which berararti is the last return.

4. Which Lidar system components that determine the accuracy of the results
Laser light radiated strength and accuracy when the laser is used to measure the travel time will determine the accuracy of a laser range. Accuracy of GPS / INS will determine the accuracy of the coordinates and elevation position sensor accuracy resulting in the targeted object.

5. Can Lidar done at night or through clouds and watery regions in the ground
Implementation of Lidar acquisition can be done at night because Lidar uses his own energy in the form of laser light. The laser beam can not penetrate the clouds which are particles of water, watery, where the nature of the laser beam can not penetrate the water body. Thus, if a laser beam shooting on the watery region such as beach, lake, river width, etc. swamp region, the laser light with infrared waves can not penetrate the water body.

6. Do Lidar scanning can be used for underwater mapping.

Can, where Lidar uses light with a specific wavelength (normally blue light with a wavelength of 300-400 microns in combination with infrared rays. Laser to use your infrared rays are used to determine the elevation of the water surface, while the lidar with blue light will penetrate the water body sampi with certain depth to the bottom surface of the water. So the depth of the bottom waters is known to be mapped.

7. What is meant by the point-cloud, bare-earth from Lidar

Point cloud is kumulan point shots on Lidar scanning laser that has been processed so as to have the position coordinates and elevation in accordance with the references. While Bare-earth is the point cloud which have been incorporated only at ground level only (titik2 bare soil surface)

8. What is the use of digital photos on Lidar Mapping

    Digital photos on Lidar mapping is used for:
      • Completing the boundary lines that have different ground surface elevation strikingly like the line where the cliff, or a line on the dike elevation change drastically, which is called the breakline. Breaklini serves to form the terrain or the natural contour lines in order.
          • As a means of Lidar data quality control
        • As a complement lidar elevation data in case the data can not penetrate dense vegetation vegetation because although it has been done a certain way like a cross scanning run.
        • As for the media portrayal planimetric elements such as Roads, rivers, land cover, etc. that can be done as well as stereoscopic 3D monoskopik
         • As a complement to the data for specific purposes as aerial photographs can produce Map Photos more informative than the map line.

9. Can digital photos done simultaneously during the data acquisition Lidar

Supposedly digital aerial photography is done in conjunction with the acquisition of Lidar to be more efficient and obtain accuracy comparable to a Lidar, the data is georeferenced using GPS / INS

10. What are the requirements for a digital photo Lidar Mapping

Aerial photograph should be based on the requirements of normal Fotogrametry ie aerial photographs that have pertampalan forward direction of flight path of 60% or more in order to have triplelap area, and pertampaln laterally by 30%. There should not be a gap between photos or between flyway for variation scale mountainous region.

11. How Lidar acquisition and digital photos to terrain

Joint lidar acquisition of aerial photography in mountainous regions should use a management system based on the position-controlled predetermend v / h (speed variation of the terrain elevation) using GPS navigation computer.

12. Can the data Lidar strike the ground if that is in the scanning area is fairly dense vegetation air

One estimate whether the laser can penetrate the luxuriance of vegetation or not, can be carried out under the inspection of vegetation environment, if a person is under the environment vegetation can still see the sun, meaning Lasers can also penetrate

13. What to do if the data Lidar can not reach the ground

To anticipate the laser beam does not penetrate the dense vegetated area, do Cross-run with different flight direction, so the cost will depend on the Lidar Mapping acquisition system that will generate its own accuracy. With the cost of the cheaper, cross the run was not done so potential laser beam will not strike the ground and consequently derived elevation data is limited and ultimately will provide output that is not perfect. Only data2 laser above the ground that are less useful for topolah obtained. If you cross the run has been carried out but did luxuriance of vegetation can not penetrate the laser beam, is the latest effort by adding elevation data are fotogrametry that the pairs of aerial photographs stereo3D. Additional extraction point elevation is done by the system using digital fotogrametry Algorithm (pixel-based)

14. What is the accuracy of elevation results Lidar Mapping

  Factors Impiris accuracy Lidar Mapping in Indonesia are as follows:
   • Horizontal Accuracy ± 20 cm
   • Accuracy ± 30cmoogle.com/ elevation
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/12/lidar.html
DatePublished: December 24, 2014 at 19:02

Tag : Lidar.

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Lidar laser technology.

Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is a mechanism for devices that emit electromagnetic radiation, usually in the form of light can not be seen or can see with normal eyes, through the process of stimulated emission. Usually a single laser beam, emits photons in a coherent beam. Lasers can also be called quantum mechanical effects.
Since laser was introduced in 1960, as the settlement issue, then the subsequent development of lasers have been used extensively, in many modern applications, including in the field of optics, electronics, optoelectronics, information technology, science, medicine, industry, and the military. In general, the laser is considered as one of the most influential technological achievements of the 20th century.

Military Technology: HELLADS the "Laser Water" High Liquid Laser Area Defense System Energy (HELLADS) is a US defense program to develop high-energy laser-based weapons to defend against threats to airspace. This program aims to develop 150kW laser systems to counter the threat from the ground like a rocket, artillery and mortar (RAM), and surface air like missiles seraangan.
high power lasers are expected to counter some threats such as beams, can travel at the speed of light.

Air LIDAR laser technology capable Reveals presence Lost City in Cambodia.
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology using the properties of scattered light to find range and get the object from the intended target. The method for determining the distance of an object by using laser pulses.

LIDAR technology has uses in the field of geomatics, archeology, geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology, physical atmosphere, and others.

The use of LIDAR in the field of Archaeology.

LIDAR has many applications in the field of archeology, including assisting in the planning field survey, mapping features under the forest canopy, and give a broad overview of-detail, and others. LIDAR can also help archaeologists to create digital elevation models (DEM) high resolution of the archaeological site, which can reveal the micro-topography hidden by vegetation.

Airborne laser technology have discovered the existence of the old town buried hundreds of years in Cambodia. Network of roads and canals were found to connect the city with the temple complex of Angkor Wat in Cambodia famous.

With LIDAR, the ability to produce high-resolution datasets fast and relatively inexpensive. Besides efficiency, the ability to penetrate the forest canopy has been providing discovery feature that can not be distinguished from the traditional geospatial methods and difficult to reach through field surveys.

The discovery of the city "Lost" in Cambodia Using Laser Lidar
Laser imaging reveals the urban landscape more than 1,200 years old.

Airborne laser produces a detailed map of the city, including roads and temples previously undiscovered, hidden under dense vegetation in Phnom Kulen mountain peaks in the province of Siem Reap. It is the lost city of Mahendraparvata.

What we have now with this amazing tool, suddenly, a direct overview of the entire city that people do not know before, is presented. Laser technology, known as Lidar, works by firing laser pulses from aircraft to ground and measure the distance to create a three-dimensional map of the area in detail. It is a useful tool for archaeologists because the laser can penetrate dense vegetation and cover plots are much faster than can be analyzed in the usual way.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 24, 2014 at 18:27

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Floating Christmas tree.

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the largest floating Christmas tree in the world is found. This tree reaches a height of 85 meters and weigh about 500 tons.

Christmas for Christians is synonymous with Christmas tree. Not surprisingly, ahead of the December 25 Christmas tree ornaments began to scatter in all directions.
In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the largest floating Christmas tree in the world is found. This tree reaches a height of 85 meters and weigh about 500 tons. Weight is almost equal to the total weight of 1,000 small cars.

Travellers since early December flocked to see the tree with the attributes of more than three million lights.

Installation of a giant Christmas tree floating reported from telegraph.co.uk inaugurated with a fireworks show and a festive musical performances.

Christmas theme this year in Brazil is associated with light. The importance of light in public life symbolized by the sun, moon, and stars are mounted in a floating Christmas tree.

Christmas tree will be lit every night until January 6th and will be moved to another location in the coming weeks so that it can be seen in various cities. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 24, 2014 at 17:44

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Missing Christmas English school.

The shepherds in the field now replaced the superheroes in the school Christmas play in England.
The Story of Christianity disappear from Christmas celebrations in the school drama UK. According to the study, the story was replaced "winter celebration". Research among parents shows.

Even in schools that breathe religion, now prefer the modern version of the Christmas story-often show complex interwoven stories full of twists and children who dress punk fairies, aliens, Elvis, lobster, spacemen, and even recycling bins.

The survey was conducted Netmums.com, parent website, published on Tuesday (12/02) Christmas. Even including a retelling of the story of The Apprentice emulate. Others say children during the Christmas dress materials including carrots, sprouts and pumpkin-confusing.

Only a third of the schools now again on stage telling the story of Jesus' birth complete with Mary and Joseph, the inn-keeper, shepherds and wise men, according to the survey.

While one of eight school children say they have dropped the Christmas story at all in the direction of modern alternative without reference to religion.

One of 14 schools say now choose to celebrate Christmas as a secular completely neutral with titles such as the Winter Festival or Holiday Drama.

Of those surveyed also said that they incorporate by reference the Christmas play in the Islamic Eid, Hanukkah in the Jewish, or Hindu celebration of Diwali.

The survey of more than 2,000 parents also showed that a significant minority are now openly admits to feel aggrieved that their children never act as the main character like Mary or Joseph.

More commercial

In that study also demonstrated a Christmas costume of sheets and towels-to describe dress-first century Judea became part of the past thanks to supermarkets and online retailers are offering Christmas costumes that are mass produced and inexpensive.

Overall more than nine out of 10 respondents said the Christmas play at school their children varied by contemporary version, mixing biblical character and modern figures in the Christmas celebrations.

One third of respondents said their children still sing traditional songs and hymns of Christmas in the Christmas event. A quarter said that using a pop song that is the trend.

Siobhan Freegard co-founder of Netmums, said: "Do they know it's Christmas? In some schools, it seems not.

"Although Britain is a diverse and multicultural society and the rights of children to learn about all religions and cultures, many parents feel the traditional version of the story of Jesus' birth has been pressed," said Freegard.

"It seems wrong to bombard children with a commercial message about gifts and Santa without them realize the true meaning of the celebration," he continued.

This study shows that although many parents are not visible religious, desiring birth story as part of the celebration of Christmas cheer and want their schools to embrace and celebrate it. They do not want a Christmas story that may be less echoed for children.

"Christmas is about peace, acceptance, and tolerance, so let's look at more schools receive this tradition."

Security Issues?

This study also highlights new concerns about the safety and privacy descend Christmas celebration.

Only a small proportion (38 percent) said that schools allow parents to take photos of the play. One of the six schools ban cameras altogether and one of seven schools limit the shooting and asked parents to buy the official video Christmas play.

Significantly, one of the three schools now ask parents to sign a form saying they are not going to share pictures on social media.

Half of parents say they have given costumes but most are now buying the most popular choices in the supermarket. In addition, sites such as eBay and Amazon are also a common source.

While nearly one in 10 parents said their child's school is now also held celebrations for Diwali, while one of 20 celebrating Eid and Thanksgiving and three per cent of schools have Hanukkah performances.

Only one percent said they are actively celebration combined with a Christmas play. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 24, 2014 at 16:52

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Jehovah is not Celebrate Christmas.

A common misconception.

Myth: Jehovah's Witnesses do not celebrate Christmas because they do not believe in Jesus.

Fact: We are Christians. We believe that salvation can only be obtained through Jesus Christ.-Acts 4:12.

Myth: You divide families by teaching family members not to celebrate Christmas.

Fact: We really care about families, and we use the Bible to build a stronger family.

Myth: You lose the "Christmas spirit" is generosity, peace on earth, and kindness toward others.

Fact: We strive to be generous and peaceable every day. (Proverbs 11:25; Romans 12:18) For example, the way we had a meeting and evangelize according to the instructions of Jesus, "You receive freely, freely give." (Matthew 10: 8) In addition, we draw attention to the Kingdom of God as the true hope for peace on earth.-Matthew 10: 7.

Why Jehovah's Witnesses do not celebrate Christmas?

Jesus commands us to commemorate his death, not birth Jesus.-Luke 22:19,20.
The apostles and disciples did not celebrate Christmas early. New Catholic Encyclopedia says that "The Birth celebration set roughly at 243 [M]", more than a century after the death of the last apostle.
There is no evidence that Jesus was born on December 25; date of birth was not recorded in the Bible.
We believe that Christmas is not approved by God because it is rooted in the rites and customs infidels.-2 Corinthians 6:17.
Why Christmas question?
Many still celebrate Christmas even know it comes from pagan customs and is not supported by the Bible. They need to think: Why Christians should take an unpopular stance that? Why does it matter?

The Bible encourages us to think for themselves, using the "power of reason (us)". (Romans 12: 1, 2) The Bible teaches us to uphold the truth. (John 4:23, 24) Thus, although we care about the views of others towards us, we adhere to Bible principles even if it makes us unpopular.

Although we choose not to celebrate Christmas, we respect the right of everyone to make their own decisions on this matter. We do not preclude other people celebrate Christmas. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 23, 2014 at 16:30

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Christmas tree highest in Indonesia.

Top Christmas tree, Christmas festive atmosphere of the world abroad can now be felt in Jakarta. No need to spend a lot of costs, one of the malls in the capital to bring the splendor of Christmas trees like abroad. Central Park, shopping center located in West Jakarta, rely on live Christmas trees and magnificent to attract visitors.
According to the Media and Public Relations Manager Zico Rosanno Hansakarya Central Park, 38 meter high Christmas tree has graced the Tribeca Park area. Trees dubbed "Golden Giant Christmas Tree" looks magnificent and beautiful because of the size and colorful tall.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/ In Tribeca Park, visitors can see the trees recorded in Indonesian Record Museum (MURI) as the tallest Christmas tree in Indonesia, for free. Trees are made of steel construction have other rights come 1,000,000 lamp light-emitting diode (LED) around him.

Due to the use of LEDs, Christmas tree over 1.5 hectare park is a pioneer Christmas Tree with LED Light first in Asia. Zico stated, the material chosen for the energy-efficient LEDs. "Because Central Park is one of the malls that invites us to love the green environment with the concept of Tribeca Park Go-Green," said Zico, some time ago.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/ All materials on this tree is imported. Construction steel imported from China while the LED lights of South Korea. Christmas tree highest in Indonesia also wanted to provide an exciting experience for visitors.

After successfully held for three consecutive years, showing a Christmas tree 'singing' was held again at Tribeca Park Christmas tree. But the grandeur of this LED Christmas Tree Musical Show more with the addition of six statues 'Golden Angels' around him.
While enjoying a romantic atmosphere together with loved ones and family at Tribeca Park at dusk, visitors are presented attractions music and Christmas tree. "This attraction that we can enjoy every day in all areas of Tribeca Park, added Zico.

Here, visitors will see colorful LED lights 'tinkering'. This event can be seen every day, starting at 19:00 until 21:00 (every half hour). Especially for the weekend, starting at 18:00. "Just to see, beautiful Christmas tree really because it will change the color of every music changed," added Zico.

At a certain date which is 14, December 25 and January 1, and has featured a fireworks show and laser game. Performances are held at Tribeca Park will be decorated with 5,000 shots
Zico hope, a giant Christmas tree also attract domestic and foreign tourists to visit Jakarta. "Celebrating Christmas romantic love does not have to go abroad with the cost of expensive, just come to the area Tribeca Park," said Zico.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 23, 2014 at 12:58

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Largest Christmas tree.

Welcoming the arrival of Christmas is different in each country. In Brazil, the largest floating Christmas tree in the world. This tree has been recorded in the Guinness Book of Records.

December has arrived, the Christmas atmosphere had already begun. Similarly, in Brazil, the largest floating Christmas tree in the world has been put on the Rodrigo de Freitas Lake, Rio de Janeiro.

Floating Christmas tree has a height of 85 m with a weight of almost 550 tonnes. No half-hearted, as many as 3.1 million micro light bulbs were installed to make the tree look more spectacular.

Floating Christmas tree has been turned on for the 19th time a few days ago. This tree will be on display until January 6, 2015. There is a different theme each year emitted from the lights of the Christmas tree.

'A Christmas Light' was chosen as the theme for this year. Its meaning is celebrating the importance of light for people's life symbolized by the sun, moon and stars.

At the top of the tree installed a star ornament. Save 18 m high as it complements the beauty of the trees. Over the next few weeks, the tree will float on the various sides of the lake that can be seen from every side of the city.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 23, 2014 at 10:20

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Facts about Christmas that little known.

Exactly when Jesus Christ was born? Contrary to popular belief, the Bible does not actually mention a specific date for the birth of Jesus.

Some facts about Christmas that not everyone knows :

Born in the Spring.

In fact, most historians believe that Jesus was probably born in the spring, based on the Bible's description of shepherds herding livestock. But in the 4th century, when the Catholic Church decided to acknowledge the birth of Jesus as an official holiday, Pope Julius I chose December 25 for the Feast of the Nativity. That date was set to coincide with a food festival known as Saturnalia purely coincidental.

Christmas songs start ceasefire.

Five months into World War I, the troops on the front line break for Christmas and began to sing songs to each other on the battlefield. The next day, the Germans emerged from the trenches and began approaching Allied troops singing "Merry Christmas" in English. Fortunately, it's not a trick, dozens of British fighters came out to greet them and shake hands, some cigarettes even exchanged as gifts. This event later dubbed the Christmas Truce of 1914.

Originally thought to be important in the United States.

From 1659-1681, featuring the Christmas spirit in Boston could be fined five shillings. Christmas is considered illegal. Christmas is so unimportant in the United States after the Revolutionary War. Congress did not bother to take a day off to celebrate Christmas, decided instead to hold its first session on Christmas Day, 1789. It took almost a century for Congress to declare Christmas a federal holiday.

1819 popular new Santa Claus.

Headless Horseman writer, Washington Irving, who created the iconic image of Santa flying with a herd of deer. In 1819, a series of short stories The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon describes a dream in which St. Nicholas soar across the sky in a light wagon. The stories that became so popular, produce American-style Christmas revival, and even Charles Dickens is said to be inspired works of Irving to give birth to a fairy tale classic, A Christmas Carol.

Christmas in space.

In 1965 two astronauts on their way back into orbit, they are in one spot in the sky that can not be identified. Panic they voiced by radio Mission Control. After a few minutes of tense silence, engineers at Cape Canaveral began to hear the faint sound of sleigh bells followed by the song "Jingle Bells" through the harmonica, which is played by two astronauts who panic. The mission successfully and safely landed, they then donated the harmonica and bells to the National Museum of Space and Aeronautics in Washington, which is still displayed until now.

The first Christmas tree popular in Germany.

Even before the advent of Christianity, the Germans used to decorate fir trees to brighten the dark days are gloomy during the long winter. In the US, the Christmas tree first appeared in Strasbourg in the 17th century and spread to Pennsylvania in the 1820s, coincided with the arrival of German immigrants. When Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Germany in 1840, he brought the tradition to England. Eight years later, the first American newspaper contains images of Christmas tree kingdom, and Americans outside Pennsylvania quickly followed.

Christmas traditions differ in each country.

Christmas traditions vary from culture to culture. Residents Finland usually visit the sauna on Christmas Eve, while Portuguese citizens have a party on Christmas day for those living and the dead. In Greece, the tradition of exchanging gifts lasts until January 1, Day of St. Basil. Most residents of Australia and New Zealand to enjoy Christmas at the beach or while held a barbecue party. In Spain, Christmas also marked the opening of the biggest lottery in the world.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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 DatePublished: December 23, 2014 at 09:52

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Did you know about Christmas.

Christmas (from the Portuguese which means "birth") is a Christian holiday that is celebrated every year by Christians on December 25 to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ. Christmas is celebrated in the evening service on December 24; and service in the morning of December 25. Some Orthodox churches celebrate Christmas on January 6 (see also the Epiphany).
In the western tradition, Christmas warning also contains a non-religious aspects. Some Christmas traditions from the West include a Christmas tree, Christmas cards, exchanging gifts between friends and family members as well as the story of Santa Claus or Santa Claus.

Etymology.

The word "Christmas" comes from the Latin phrase Anniversary (Birthday). Formerly also used the term Malay-Arab Mawlid or Milad. In countries that speak Arabic, it is called the feast of Eid al-Milad. In English Christmas celebration called Christmas, from the old English term Cristes maesse (1038) or Cristes-messe (1131), which means Mass of Christ. Christmas usually also written Χ'mas, a suitable condensation with Christian tradition, because the letter X in Greek is an abbreviation for Christ or in Greek Chi-Rho.
In the Indonesian Bible itself not found the word "Christmas", only the birth of Jesus.

The birth of Jesus according to the Bible.

Story of the birth of Jesus in the New Testament Gospels written in the book of Matthew (Matthew 1: 18-2: 23) and Luke (Luke 2: 1-21).
According to Luke, Mary learned from an angel that she had conceived of the Holy Spirit without intercourse. After that she and her husband Joseph left their home in Nazareth to walk to the town of Bethlehem to register in the census ordered by Augustus, the Roman emperor at the time. Because they do not have a place to stay in the city, the baby Jesus was laid in a manger (manger). Nativity in Bethlehem Ephrathah, Judea, in the hometown of David, the ancestor Joseph, fulfilling the prophecy of Micah (Micah 5: 1-2). (In ancient Israel they know there are two cities of Bethlehem, the town of Bethlehem which again is in the land of Zebulun.)
Matthew records Jesus' genealogy and birth of a virgin, and then switch to the arrival of the Magi from the East - which allegedly is Arabia or Persia - to see the newborn Jesus. The wise men first arrived in Jerusalem and reported to the king of Judea, Herod the Great, that they had seen a star - which is now called the Star of Bethlehem - the birth of a king. Further research led them to Bethlehem of Judea and the home of Mary and Joseph. They offered gold, frankincense, and myrrh to the baby Jesus. When overnight, the wise men had a dream that contains a warning that King Herod planned the murder of the child. Therefore they decided to go home without telling Herod the success of their mission. Matthew then reports that Jesus' family fled to Egypt to avoid the action of King Herod who decided to kill all children under two years old in Bethlehem to eliminate a rival to his power. After the death of Herod, Jesus and the family returned from Egypt, but to avoid the new king of Judah (son of Herod the Great, the Herod Archelaus) they went to Galilee and lived in Nazareth.
The other side of the story of Jesus' birth presented by the Gospel of Luke is the submission of the report by the angels to the shepherds. In Matthew noted that there are wise men from the East came to Judea because he saw a huge star shining on the territory of Jerusalem. They followed the star to Bethlehem to the city, the birthplace of Jesus. Some astronomers and historians have tried to explain the combined amount of space that can be traced events that may explain the appearance of a giant star that has never seen before, the most powerful is the opinion of the Johannes Kepler, who explains that the Star of Bethlehem Christmas star or it is astronomical are conjunctions Jupiter and Saturn in the constellation Pisces. And this is indeed true conjunctions occurred in December of the year 7 BC. At first, the Magi were wondering the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and then they were brought before the king Herod. King Herod asked the scribes, where the Messiah was to be born. Based on the Bible, the Messiah would be born in Bethlehem and this information is used to help the wise men know the location where Jesus was born. Herod would ask after meeting the baby so they can then be reported to Herod. But knowing the evil intentions of Herod, the magi did not return to Herod report.

Origins of Christmas warning.

Warning birthday of Jesus was never a command of Christ to do. Stories from the New Testament never mentions the existence of the celebration of the birth of Jesus was made by the early church. Clement of Alexandria mock those who attempted to calculate and determine the birth of Jesus. In the first centuries, the spiritual life of the church members be directed to the resurrection of Jesus. Christmas does not get attention. Birthday celebrations generally - especially by Origen - regarded as a pagan custom: people like Pharaoh and Herod who celebrate their birthdays. Christians do not do so: Christians celebrate the day of his death as his birthday.

But in the east of people who had been thinking about the miracle of the appearance of God in human form. According to old writings of a Christian sect in Egypt have been celebrating "Epifania party" (party appearance of God) on January 4. But what is meant by this sect with Epifania party is the advent of Jesus as the Son of God - ie at the time he was baptized in the Jordan River. The Church as a whole not only considers the baptism of Jesus as Epifania, but especially his birth in the world. In accordance with this assumption, the Eastern Church celebrated the feast Epifania on January 6 as the party's birth and baptism of Jesus feast.

The second celebration of this feast took place on January 5 night (before the January 6) with a beautiful ritual, which consists of the reading of the Bible and praise praise. Ephraim of Syria considers Epifania as the most beautiful party. He said: "Tonight is the night Epifania celebration that brings peace in the world. Who wants to sleep at night, when the whole world is just in case? "On the eve of Epifania, all church buildings decorated with garlands. This particular party was celebrated with joy in the cave of Bethlehem, where Jesus was born.

History.

Christmas celebrations started in about the year 200 AD in Alexandria (Egypt). Egyptian theologians appointed on May 20, but there is also the 19th or 20th of April. In other places celebrations conducted on the date the 5th or 6th of January; there is also in December. Celebration on December 25, started in the year 221 by Sextus Julius Africanus, and recently widely accepted in the 5th century. There are various religious celebrations in the non-Christian community in December. Today is generally accepted that the celebration of Christmas on December 25 is the reception into the church tradition of non-Christian celebration of the (god) sun: Solar Invicti (Surya no Invincible), by asserting that Jesus Christ is the Sun Court was appropriate message of the Bible (see Malachi 4: 2; Luke 1:78; Song of Solomon 6:10).

Date.

There are opinions that say that December 25th is not the date of the birth of Jesus. This opinion is strengthened by the fact that on the night the shepherds still keep the sheep in the pasture. (Luke 2: 8). In December impossible herdsmen still can keep the sheep in the pasture because winter at the moment has arrived so there is no grass growing again. Proponents of the date of birth in December argue though winter, the sheep remained in the cage in the pasture and maintained by shepherds, and even though there was no grass, meadow called prairie remains.

There are also opinions that say that the celebration of Christmas comes from the tradition of pre-Christian Roman, a warning to the agricultural god Saturn falls on a weekend in December with a peak warning on the winter solstice (the winter solstice), which falls on December 25 in the Julian calendar . Warning called Saturnalia is a major social tradition for the Romans. So that the Romans could be Christians without leaving their own tradition, at the instigation of the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine I, Pope Julius I decided in the year 350 that the birth of Jesus is celebrated on the same date. But this view is disputed by the Eastern Rite Church, because the Church of the Eastern Rite already celebrating the birth of Jesus from the 2nd century, before the Church of Rome declared the celebration of Christmas on December 25.

Therefore, there are some Christian denominations who do not celebrate Christmas traditions because they are derived from the Roman pagan tradition, namely the flow of the True Jesus Church, Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Seventh Day Baptist Church, United Church of God, Messianic Jews, and the Church of God Church Global Indonesia. Jehovah's Witnesses do not celebrate Christmas.

There are a number of ancient manuscripts which notes that Jesus was placed in the womb of Mary December 25. The interpretation of the book of Haggai indicates that the date is the date of the coming of Jesus into the womb of Mary, Haggai 2: 18-20:

"Look at the start of today and the next - from the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month. Starting from the basis of the temple of the LORD laid consider whether the seed still in the barn, and if vine and fig tree, the pomegranate and the olive tree have not? Starting from today I will give thanks! "

24th of the 9th month (Kislev) in the Jewish calendar falls around the 25th of December in the Gregorian calendar.

Although when Christmas Day falls still being debated, Christianity is generally agreed to establish a Christmas Day falls every 25th of December in the Gregorian calendar is based on the realization that the determination of other liturgical feasts such as Easter and Good Friday is not obtained with the approach of the exact date, but only in the form the restoration of such events in the liturgical year, which is not concerned with the accuracy of the date but the essence or core of each of the warning to be realized from day to day.

Year.

Year of the Gregorian calendar was created in the 6th century by a monk named Dionysius Exignus. The solar year which we use today is called also anno Domini (the Year of the Lord).

How could he know that the Lord Jesus was born in the year 1 BC? He took the data from historical records state that in 754 the Roman calendar is the 15th year of the reign of Tiberius as stated in Luke 3: 1-2. This data is used as a benchmark by him to start the year 1 BC.

In addition, he also took the data from Luke 2: 1-2 which states that Quirinius (Governor of Syria) the first time you run the program census.

Yet still people who doubt it, because according to the Jewish historian named Josephus, Herod died in 4 BC and consequently the date of birth of Jesus should be set back as much as four years. But this theory is not true, because he analyzed the year based on the existence of a lunar eclipse in the year when Herod died that occurred in Jerusalem on March 13, 4 BC.

Tradition.

Many traditions of Christmas celebrations in the West which is a later development by absorbing elements of various cultures. Christmas tree in the church or in homes may be associated with the Egyptian tradition, or ancient Hebrew. There are also connecting with a special tree in the garden of Eden (see Genesis 2: 9). But in the life of the pre-Christian Europe there is a tradition of decorating the tree and place it in the house on a particular celebration. The tradition of the "Tree of Light" modern flourishes of Germany in the 18th century.

There is also a tradition of sending Christmas cards, which started in 1843 by John Callcott Horsley from the UK. Usually the image associated with the story of the birth of Jesus Christ and with the caption: Merry Christmas and Happy New Year. Today people use information technology (email) send electronic Christmas cards.

Also in celebration of Christmas is known in Indonesia Sinterklaas tradition, which comes from the Netherlands. The tradition is celebrated on December 6 this, associated with St. Claus (Santa Nicholas), a legend, who visited the children's home at night with a flying sleigh pulled some reindeer divide the prize. In the modern world, as a secular Christmas celebration more emphasis on exchanging Christmas gifts, so some think Santa Nicholas increasingly more important than Jesus Christ. In the tradition of Dutch Sinterklass - character portrayed by an American beverage advertising since 1931 as a fat old, white beard and dressed in red with boots, a black belt, and this soft pointy hat - be part of the family (to discipline children children) to visit homes with a black maid (Zwarte Pit) which carry the sacks of gifts for good children; but it is also a sack naughty children included to be taken away. We often see also Christmas celebrated with lots of twinkling lights. In addition to add a festive celebration, it also has an understanding of existing light, that is Christ will drive out the powers of darkness.

In contrast to the tradition of the Christmas celebrations in the West, Christmas celebrations eastern rite contains many spiritual aspects such as fasting, praise, reading the Bible, and praise. Churches in Arabic, arguably there was no Christmas without prior fasting. Syrian Orthodox Church Christmas preparation by fasting for 10 days. While in the Coptic Orthodox Church fasting longer, ie since the last week of November. Thus, approximately 40 days. Time iftar (breaking the fast) on January 7 in the morning. Fasting pre-Christmas is called the small fasting (Shaum el-Shagir). Although somewhat different in tradition, in principle this way is not much different from how fast the other Orthodox Churches.

Meaning Candle In Christmas.

Candles.

In the Christmas period, Candle explain or give an overview of Christ. Christ is represented as a light to a dark world. In the Bible was written about the light, in the Old Testament, Isaiah 9: 1-6, "a great light", while in the New Testament, John 1: 1-18, "the light of men".

Not only in the course of worship, in homes and in shops often decorated with lights flickering, it appears from the patristic era as the imagery of light which beats the darkness. The use of candles and lights flickering light is the influence of Jewish or Hanukah party. The feast of Hanukkah is celebrated around the time of Advent and Christmas, and sometimes frequently spoofed by the term Jewish Christmas.

Economy.

Christmas is usually the largest annual economic stimulus in various countries in the world. Sales of goods rose sharply in retail areas, and the Christmas season people purchase gifts, decorations, and Christmas supplies. Industries that rely on sales in the Christmas season include Christmas cards, Christmas trees, and others.

In addition to the largest economic activity, Christmas in Western countries is the most quiet day for the business world; nearly all retail stores, institutions and commercial businesses closed, and almost all industries cease to operate. Movie studios release many high-cost films in the Christmas season to entertain people, who are on vacation.

Social.

During fasting, the church Coptic churches, such as the Coptic Church Hadrat el-Adzra '(Santa Maria), in Madinat al-Tahrir, Imbaba, Cairo has a habit of eating only once a day with food menu sort of tempeh (from beans), its name tamiya or falafel is eaten with a slice of bread and water. Therefore, spending money that they usually buy meat and other luxury hefty menu collected and delivered directly to the poor, which is coordinated by the Church.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com

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http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/12/did-you-know-about-christmas.html

DatePublished: December 23, 2014 at 09:23

Tag : Did you know about Christmas.
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