Do You Know About Gout.

Uric acid (English: uric acid, urate) is a purine derivative compound with chemical formula C5H4N4O3 and plasma ratios between 3.6 mg / dL (~ 214μmol / L) and 8.3 mg / dL (~ 494μmol / L) (1 mg / dL = 59.48 mol / L).
Excess (hyperuricemia, hyperuricemia) or shortage (hipourisemia, hyporuricemia) plasma uric acid levels in the blood is often an indication of a disease or disorder in the human body.
In humans, uric acid is a product of purine nucleotide catabolism last track, because the absence of urikase enzyme that converts uric acid into allantoin. Excessive levels of uric acid can cause kidney stones and / or gout in the joints.

Gout.

Gout is the result of excessive consumption of purine substances. Purines into uric acid is processed body, but if excess uric acid levels, so the kidneys are unable to remove uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints. As a result, joint pain, swollen and inflamed.
Uric acid is a disease of purine metabolic waste substances originating from the rest of the food we eat. Purine itself is a substance contained in each food derived from living bodies. In other words, in the living body are purine substance, and then because we eat living beings, then the purine substances move into our bodies. A variety of vegetables and fruits also contained purines. Purine also resulted from the destruction of body cells which occur normally or because of certain diseases. Usually gout attack in the elderly, because the accumulation of these purine material.

Abstinence gout sufferers.

- Offal:

brain, lungs, liver, spleen, intestines, kidneys and tripe.

- Seafood (seafood):

shrimp, crab, squid, octopus, clams, cuttlefish, mussels, oysters, anchovies, sardines.

- Riverfood (Food river):

catfish, eel, shrimp, crabs and snails.

- Extract the meat.

such as shredded and jerky.

- Food that has been canned.

(example: corned beef, sardines, beef and pork).

- Meat.

mutton, dog meat, pork, beef, buffalo meat and horse meat.

- Poultry.

Ducks, geese and turkeys.

- Birds and bats.

- Nuts.

soybeans (including processed products such as tempeh, tofu, tauco, oncom, soy milk), peanuts, green beans, bean sprouts and chips melinjo.

- Vegetables.

cauliflower, spinach, asparagus, beans, mushroom, leaves of cassava / sweet potato, papaya, spinach and chilli / chilli.

- Cream.

ice cream and broth or gravy is thick.
- Certain fruits such as durian, pineapple and coconut water.
- Foods that are fried or cooked using coconut milk or margarine / butter.
- Foods rich in protein, fat and blood.

Additional tips for people with gout.

- Consumption of foods containing high potassium such as tomatoes, potatoes, yogurt and bananas.
- Consumption of fruit that contains vitamin C, such as oranges, papaya and strawberries.
Examples of fruit and vegetables to treat gout: dragon fruit, starfruit, ginger, pumpkin, mustard greens, chicory, lemon grass and tomato.
- Increase consumption of complex carbohydrates such as rice, cassava / sweet potato and bread.
- Reduce consumption of simple carbohydrates such as type of fructose sugar, candy, cotton candy, cotton candy and syrup.
- Do not take aspirin.
- Do not work too hard / fatigue.
- In people who are overweight (obesity), usually uric acid levels quickly rose but spending a little bit, then you should lose weight with exercise.
- Adjust energy intake with the body's needs, based on height and weight.

To cure this disease there are several things that must be done, including  :

- Avoid foods that can increase uric acid, such as offal (liver, kidney, spleen, tripe, intestines, lungs and brain), avoid seafood (shrimp, scallops, squid, crab); canned food (corned beef, sardines and meat extracts), broth or gravy is thick.
- Avoid foods such as chips, kale and spinach, cassava leaves / sweet potatoes, leaf cashew nuts, asparagus, beans and cauliflower. Avoid nuts (peanuts, green beans, soybeans, tempe, tauco, bean sprouts, oncom) and soy milk.
- Avoid eating durian, avocado, pineapple, coconut water.
- The food is safe to eat, some of which are: rice, fish fins and scales, chicken, eggs, cheese, milk and some fruits.
- Avoid alcoholic beverages and food.
- In obese people, uric acid is usually increased while spending less, then for security, people are usually advised to lose weight.
- Drink plenty of water at least 8-10 glasses per day, due to drink plenty of water, we can help dispose of purines in the body.

Risk factor.

Some risk factors that can cause a person to have high levels of uric acid in the body are:

- Lifestyle.

Consumption of foods high in purines, alcohol consumption, can increase uric acid levels in the blood.

- Medical Condition.

Medical conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, often associated with cases of gout.

- Drugs.

The use of drugs such as diuretics, aspirin should be considered and consulted a doctor because it can increase uric acid levels.

- Genetic.

Some people who have a family history of gout history is also one risk factor.

- Age and Gender.

Men have a greater risk of developing inflammatory disorders because of gout, but women who have entered menopause are also at risk as much as men.

Ascorbic acid.

Ascorbic acid is a chemical compound called vitamin C, in addition to dehydroascorbic acid. He shaped whitish yellow crystalline powder soluble in water and has antioxidant properties. Ascorbic name is derived from the root word a- (without) and scorbutus (skurvi), a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. In 1937, the Nobel Prize in chemistry awarded to Walter Haworth for his work in determining the chemical structure of ascorbic acid. At the time of its discovery in the 1920s, he called heksuronat acid by some researchers.

In general, the cell nucleus of eukaryotic cells with concentrations of ascorbic acid are much more concentrated, which is absorbed through the transporter SVCT1 or / and SVCT2, compared with a concentration in erythrocytes and concentration in blood plasma. For example in plasma or erythrocyte concentrations around 40-80 μM, concentrations of ascorbic acid in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes can reach 4 mM. Among mammals, humans have a ratio smaller plasma ascorbic acid and uric acid is higher, because of genetic mutations with L-gulonolakton oxidase expression and urikase.

Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant amazing that protect cells from stress extracellular, with an increase in the proliferation of endothelial cells, stimulating the synthesis of collagen type IV, the degradation of LDL oxidation, inhibiting atherosclerosis and stress intracellular by maintaining levels of α-tocopherol in erythrocytes and neurons, and protect hepatocytes from oxidative stress caused by exposure to allyl alcohol. The antioxidant properties derived from the hydroxyl group of a C number 2 and 3 were donated H + ion together with electrons leading to a variety of compounds with a free radical oxidants such as oxygen or nitrogen group, peroxide and superoxide. Nevertheless, in the cytoplasm with high concentrations of Fe compounds, ascorbic acid can be pro-oxidant because redox reactions of Fe3 + to Fe2 + which triggers the compound superoxide and ultimately become free radicals highly reactive hydroxyl groups. Vasodilation / constriction of blood vessels that are generally caused by the decrease of NO secretion by endothelial cells can also be muted ascorbic acid by increasing the secretion of NO by endothelial cells through the path of NO synthase or cyclase guanilat, mengreduksi nitrita becomes NO, and inhibit LDL oxidation.

Ascorbic acid also plays a very important role as a coenzyme and an electron donor in organic reactions such dioxygenase enzymatic hydroxylation on carnitine, EGF; or mono- and di-oxygenation in the synthesis of various neurotransmitters and peptide hormones, noradrenaline, cholesterol and amino acids; demethylation of histone and nucleic acids; dealkylation Oxidative DNA; improve the quality of succinic acid, malic acid and glycerol 3-phosphate in the mitochondria; proton homeostasis force; deglikanasi proteoglycan compound; ROS excess catch to decrease oxidative stress. One function very well known cofactor is hydroxylase prolil and lisil that mengkopling hydroxylated in hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and procollagen.
Therefore capacity as antioxidants that reduce reactive oxygen species that can cause hypertension, ascorbic acid is often considered to be high blood pressure. A study showed that ascorbic acid can reduce the ratio of plasma C-reactive protein, 8-isoprostanes, and malondialdehyde-modified LDL, though not always accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure.

Ascorbic acid is also used as an anti-cancer therapy in certain species because of the pressing nature of cytokines IL-18 and hyaluronidase enzyme in the degradation of hyaluronic acid to prevent metastasis, stimulation of collagen to isolate the tumor cells in vivo, preventing the effects of oncogenic viruses, and carcinogens. Ascorbic acid is known to be toxic to several types of cancer cells, but not be so against the body's normal cells. Clinical studies showed that administration of high doses of vitamin C, either through injection or intake, can relieve simtoma pathogens and extend the life expectancy of patients with advanced cancer, such as RCC, bladder tumors, lymphoma B cells
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/do-you-know-about-gout.html
DatePublished: 13 September 2015 11:28

Tag : About Gout.

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About methylone.

Methylone is a patented medicine Peyton Jacob and Alexander Shulgin in 1996 as an antidepressant. These drugs such as LSD and MDMA (ecstasy), which originally as an experimental psychiatric drugs. However, its use is changing rapidly from the clinical importance of being for recreational (fun).

Methylone is a combination of stimulant phenethylamine, amphetamine and cathinone classes or (cathinone). This drug is illegal in some countries such as Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, and Israel. And these substances are not recognized in the US.

Methylone have chemical structures and effects similar to MDMA.
Methylone is a derivative of cathinone (cathinone), which includes narcotics Class I in the Law number 35 of 2009.

In chemical terms, Methylone have a +4 force or stronger than other cathinone derivatives. Effects of Methylone can make users feel nausea, vomiting, dizziness, seizures, chest palpitations, cramps heart, and can lead to death.

Cathinone is a Category I drug that should only be used for research purposes.
Cathinone for medical purposes once, is not permitted, especially for recreational purposes.
Methylone Similarly, it is very dangerous substance if used for recreational.

The effect is similar to Methylone can ngefly stimulants such as amphetamine, MDMA and cocaine. These effects include euphoria and increased energy. Users also feel cool and more confident if consumed

Consuming Methylone could force the body to work more quickly.
Heart rate be increased to a point that can make users experience palpitations or irregular heart beat, even after he stopped taking medication.
The use of these substances like alcohol, can cause blurred vision and nausea.
As well as ecstasy, which can cause jaw clenching or grinding its teeth.

Consuming Methylone also cause the fingers and toes turned into blue. User preferences can be suppressed, but can cause anorexia (an eating disorder characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy weight and excessive fear of weight gain due to a distorted self-image) wiki.
For the long term, a person who uses methylone, can increase energy and vitality that can progress to circulatory problems, paranoia, and insomnia. Halusi and delusions can also accompany the users of these drugs, but the symptoms can occur when unwanted. If the drug was inhaled, nasal passages and mouth can become inflamed. This could lead to nosebleeds.

Methylone not yet known whether the effect can create the effect of physically addictive, although evidence has shown the users become psychologically addictive.

Methylone is chemically very similar to Mephedrone. A substance that is estimated to be a factor of the death of two British teenagers. But it has not been proven. But that does not mean Methylone safe for consumption. Substances that can be even more dangerous than what we had expected.

Recognize methylone / methylone as Narcotics Group 1.

Methylone (Methylone) are a class of drugs including narcotics Category I in the Narcotics Act No. 35 of 2009 which is a derivative of cathinone (cathinone). Methylone have chemical structures and effects similar to MDMA was first patented Peyton Jacob and Alexander Shulgin in 1996 as an antidepressant. The drugs such as LSD and MDMA (ecstasy), which originally as an experimental psychiatric drugs. However, its use is changing rapidly from the clinical importance of being for recreational (fun).

Cathinone is a Category I drug that should only be used for research purposes. For medical purposes once, narcotics groups are not allowed, especially for recreational purposes. Methylone Similarly, it is very dangerous substance if used for recreational.

The effects of the use of methylone which can ngefly similar to stimulants such as amphetamine, MDMA and cocaine. These effects include euphoria and increased energy. Users also feel cool and confident when taking methylone. Methylone have a +4 force or stronger than other cathinone derivatives. Users can feel nausea, vomiting, dizziness, seizures, chest palpitations, cramps heart, and can lead to death.

Eating methylone can force the body to work more quickly. Heart rate be increased to a point that can make users experience palpitations or irregular heart beat, even after he stopped taking medication. The use of these substances like alcohol, can cause blurred vision and nausea. As well as ecstasy, which can cause jaw clenching or grinding its teeth.

Fingers and toes can also be turned into bluish. User preferences can be reduced, which can lead to anorexia. For the long term, a person who uses methylone, can increase energy and vitality that can progress to circulatory problems, paranoia, and insomnia. Halusi and delusions may come, but the symptoms may at once unwelcome. If the drug was inhaled, nasal passages and mouth can become inflamed. This could lead to nosebleeds.

Not yet known whether the effect methylone can make physically addictive, although evidence has shown can be psychologically addictive. Methylone is chemically very similar to Mephedrone. A substance that is estimated to be a factor of the death of two British teenagers. But it has not been proven. But that does not mean Methylone safe. It is even more dangerous substances.

Methylone certainly illegal in some countries such as Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, and Israel. whereas in the United States these substances are not recognized.

Description Pharmaceutical Chemists.

Methylone effect Most Dangerous and Powerful.

National Narcotics Agency (BNN) to request the opinion of many experts to determine what kind of content chatainone derivatives or methylenedioxy 3.4 substance methcathinone, or better known as methylone (M1). A pharmaceutical chemist, Sr. Pol Djusnir Mufti stated methylone including narcotics group 1.

The effect is most dangerous in Indonesia today. Because of its effect on the human body exceeds MDMA (ecstasy) and chatinone as the molecular basis methylone maker.

To note, the Mufti was an expert witness who claimed that ecstasy is a drug courier in the case of the arrest of thousands of ecstasy pills in 1995, before the Law 5/1997 on Psychotropic Substances.

BNN chairman of West Nusa Tenggara is explained, chatinone not a new substance because it was found experts in Europe, long before MDMA (Ecstasy) and amphetamine derivatives. However, because class has a great danger, then out his name amphetamine derivatives. Later today appear again this new substance.

Perhaps the chatinone it is the basic molecular structure. If the molecular structure of R1, R2, R3 and R4 as side groups that will be derived chatinone, that basically substituted compounds with methyl group, the name was changed so methylcathinone.

Furthermore, if chatinone substituted with methyl groups and 3.4, the compound name methylone, or 3.4 methylendioxy methcathinone, or better known as methylone (M1). With this structure then, methylon incoming class 1 narcotics because he derived from chatinone.

Now have to watch out for danger more devastating impact these substances than ecstasy / sahbu the basic structure of MDA.

Table-level force base effect of narcotic substances, including amphetamine influence on the adrenaline level is plus 4, MDA, chatinone and methacatinone were on level plus 3, while methylone plus 4, more powerful than chatinone.

So taking methylone affect the hormone adrenaline is very strong, very powerful. So that the effect could be as a stimulant, psychoactive cause seizures that are not controlled.

In addition, people who consumed methylone can be nausea, vomiting, dizziness, to the use of over-dosage, these compounds can lead to a heart spasm lead to death. This already exists in literary studies can be found in European journals.

Let us urge people to support the task BNN save future generation from the dangers of narcotic substances. Expected by the expert testimony, the investigator could determine the legal decisions, and articles. Because of the structure of the harmful effects, so it needs to be watched and anticipated circulation.
So Derivatives chatinone it methylone. Methylone more powerful, plus 4 strength. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/about-methylone.html
DatePublished: 13 September 2015 at 10:38

Tag : Methylone.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

About contraception.

Contraception is derived from the word counter means to prevent or fight, which means fertilization and conception. So contraception is to prevent fertilization of an egg by Sergeant Major so there is no pregnancy. In general, contraception is divided into two methods, namely the permanent and non-permanent.

Contraception.

1. Permanent Contraception.

Permanent contraception is often referred to as permanent contraception, which makes the ability to conceive becomes difficult refunded or can not get pregnant again. Permanent contraception effort done by surgery, in both men and women.

In women, permanent contraception called tubal ligation, which cuts the channel Fallopian tube (oviduct). There are also performed by simply tying the oviduct so that the ovum or sperm can not pass so there is no fertilization. One moment the bond can be released again. Tubectomi goal is to ovum at ovulation can not be through the oviduct (oviduct) so it can not meet the sperm.

In men, known as vasectomy permanent contraception, namely the cutting line up deference. There are also the only binding up deference. A bond when it can be released if the person concerned wants it. The goal is so that sperm can not get into the urethra, so that sperm can not be excluded. Testicular sperm produced will be reabsorbed (reabsorption). The person can still secrete semen does not contain sperm, which comes from the prostate gland.

2. The non-permanent contraception.

Non-permanent contraceptive method is also called non-permanent contraception, ie a method of contraception in which the ability of pregnant refundable. This method can be done with or without the use of tools.

a. Without using tools.

The method without using tools, can be done by:

(1) extend the period of breastfeeding
(2) did not have intercourse during the woman's fertile period
(3) removing the sperm outside the body in order not to get into the woman's uterus (called coitus interruptus).

b. Using the tools.

(1) Using a tool that prevents ovulation with a hormone use

Pills.

Contains the hormones estrogen and progesterone. If the user does not discipline, the use of the pill is not useful. The side effects are happening obesity in most of the wearer.

Implant.

Placed under the skin of the arm. Implant secretes hormones that prevent ovulation. The side-effect is that users can experience the menstrual cycle disorder.

Injectable.

Performed by administering the hormone once every 3 months to prevent ovulation. Side effects of obesity on the part of the wearer.

(2) Using a tool aimed at blocking the sperm and ovum fertilization or embryo attachment blocking.

- IUD (Intra Uterine Device). 

Better known as spiral, mounted inside the uterus (womb) women. Spiral prevent the embryo attaches to the uterine wall. Side effects of IUD insertion is possible bleeding outside the menstrual cycle.

- Jellies, tablets foam and sponge.

These materials are essentially contains a spermicide (sperm killer). Some people are allergic to the material.

- Diaphragm or cervical cup.

Covering the uterus, thus preventing sperm from entering the uterus.

- Condoms.

Make sperm stuck inside the condom so that sperm can not fertilize an egg. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/about-contraception.html
DatePublished: 13 September 2015 at 09:40

Tag : Contraception permanent and non-permanent.

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The human immune system.

Human Immune System comprised of the Body Defense Mechanisms, Antigen and Antibody and Immune Response.

A. The body defense mechanism.

The body has two layers of immunity, that immunity nonspecific and specific immunity. Bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances must be through nonspecific immune system in advance. If nonspecific immunity are not able to destroy it, substances that infect the next will face the specific immune system.

1. Immunity Nonspecific (Default).

The innate immune system of a person from birth. Innate immunity is nonspecific, meaning that the immune system is always prepared to face any infection that enters the body. Immune mechanism is effective against microorganisms without the experience of previous contact with the organism.

Nonspecific immunity there is some external, some are internal. External immunity is also known as surface protection, because it protects the outer body. Internal immunity is more cellular and chemical protection.

a. External immunity.

External immunity consists of epithelial tissue that protects our body (skin and mucous tissue) and the resulting secretion. Aside from being a barrier entry of the disease, the epithelial produce protective substances. For example, the results of the acidic skin secretions so toxic to the bakery. Saliva (saliva) and tear can also kill the bacteria. Mucus (phlegm) trap microorganisms and so can not get into the digestive and respiratory tract.

b. Internal immunity.

The internal immunity against bacteria, viruses, or foreign substances are capable of passing external immunity. Internal immunity in the form of chemical stimulation and involves phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, anti-microbial proteins that fight foreign substances that have entered the body, and inflammation (swelling) and fever.

Phagocytic cells that play a role in the internal immunity among others neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils. Neutrophils will be phagocytic (eat) if it meets the material maker in the network infection. Macrophages will attaches to polysaccharides on the surface of the body of microbes and then ingest the microbes. Eosinophils tasked to attack parasites that are large, such as worms.

Natural killer cells attack the parasite cells by removing the destructive compounds called perforin. Natural killer cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus before the adaptive immune system is activated. The antimicrobial protein increases the body's defenses by attacking the microorganisms directly or by inhibiting reproduction mikroorgnisme. One important antimicrobial proteins to protect cells from viral attack is interferon.

Other internal immune inflammatory response (inflammation) and fever. Inflammation is triggered by physical trauma, excessive heat, bacterial infections, and others. Inflammation is local or just turn up on the infected areas while the fever spread throughout the body.

2. Specific Immunity (Adaptive).

If bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances successfully passed the innate immune system (nonspecific), then foreign substances will be faced by the adaptive immune system. Adaptive immunity is specific, meaning that defense mechanism relies on the formation of a specific immune response against microorganisms that provide stimulation.

Adaptive immunity can be natural or artificial. Natural adaptive passive immunity obtained by the infant from his mother's womb, while the active adaptive immunity obtained for example through infection (illness beforehand). Artificial adaptive immunity in the form of passive transfer of antibodies from others, whereas active artificial adaptive immunity gained through immunization.

Based on the cells involved in the mechanism, adaptive immunity is divided into two, namely the humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity (cell-mediated immunity).

a. Humoral immunity.

Most elements play a role in humoral immunity are antibodies produced by B cells lymphocytes. Antibodies found in humor (fluid) of the body, such as blood and lymph fluids and functioned binding bacteria and bacterial toxins, as well as marking the virus for further destroyed by white blood cells.

b. Mediated immune Sel.

The most important factor in immunity are living cells, ie cells T lymphocytes. These cells are active against bacteria and viruses in the body in the infected cells. These cells can also fight protozoa, fungi and parasitic worms.

B. Antigen and Antibody.

1. Antigen

An antigen is a chemical substance that can stimulate the immune system (immune) to generate a specific response. Examples of antigen is the outer capsule or bacterial cell wall. Antigen also called immunogen.

Antigen has two important characteristics, as follows :

Immunogenicity.

Namely the ability to trigger multiplication of specific antibodies and lymphocytes

Reactivity.

Namely the ability to react with the activated lymphocytes and antibodii released by immune reaction.

In addition there are also antigen molecule called hapten. Hapten is a simple chemical substance or a portion of the antigen that does not cause immune response, but if the hapten binding to proteins of the body, the immune system will recognize it as a dangerous substance.

2. Antibody.

Antibodies are proteins that formed as a response to a specific antigen and held a reaction to these antigens. Antigen can not directly destroy the antigen. The main function is to disable antigens and marking antigen for further destruction. Generally, if an antibody meets the antigen will form antigen-antibody complexes.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG).

Immunoglobulin G is the only immunoglobulin capable through the placenta. IgG is given passive immunity from mother to child. IgG is the main defense against infection for babies in the first weeks of life are reinforced by IgG from colostrum.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA).

Immunoglobulin A is one of the immunoglobulin found in external secretions, for example in the airway mucosa, intestinal, urinary, genital, saliva, tears, and breast milk. Immunoglobulin A can neutralize the virus and block the attachment of the epithelial cells.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM).

Immunoglobulin M is an antibody that was first synthesized in antigen stimulus. IgM synthesis is done by the time of fetal intrauterine. Therefore, can not pass through the placenta, the IgM newborns are signs of intrauterine infection.

Immunoglobulin D (IgD).

D immunoglobulin was first discovered as a myeloma protein. IgD is always attached to the outer surface of B lymphocytes IgD cells function as antigen receptors of B lymphocytes cells and is important for the activation of B cells.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE).

IgE is secreted by plasma cells in the skin, mucosa and tonsils. If the tip of IgE triggered by antigen, will cause the cells to release histamn inflammation that causes inflammation and allergic reactions.

C. Immune Response.

If the body is exposed to an antigen, the immune response will occur. The first introduction to an antigen will generate a primary immune response. If after some time, a person exposed to the same antigen, it will display a secondary immune response.

1. Primary Immune Response.

After the antigen into the body, the antibodies do not immediately formed in the blood serum. The period between the administration of antigen and antibody formation is called the latent period or period of induction. Long latency period of about 6-7 days. In the latent period, antigen delivered on immunocompetent cells, the B cells that produce antibodies. This period witnessed proliferase and differentiation of cells B. After a latency period, then entered the period biosynthesis. The initial phase of the period boisintesis is phase logarithmically characterized by a growing number of antibodies logarithmically in the body, followed by phases of a steady, ie where the speed of protein synthesis is equal to the speed of catabolism her, and ending phase of decline, ie where katabolismen antibody faster than its synthesis ,

2. Secondary Immune Response.

The second encounter with the same antigen ever given previously will restore secondary immune response. When the antigen is exposed on the body, the antibodies are still present in serum will shrink, this phase is called the negative phase. Antigen and antibody in the serum would then form the antigen-antibody complexes. If the dose of antigen bit, a robust immune response will not occur. This is probably because the antigen serum has been used to form the antigen-antibody complexes. Conversely, if enough doses of antigen, B cells are left to form antibodies that appear secondary response.

3. Differences in Response Primary and Secondary Response.

In the event the primary response to stimulation, precursor cells divide and hold differentiation into antibody-forming cells that produce IgM and IgG. During this process form the memory cells, which are still limited. Following the secondary response, cells that senditif against antuigen number had grown rapidly so that the synthesis of antibodies increases.

Secondary immune response that appears to be faster, more durable and more effective than previous response. That is because the immune system has been better prepared against antigens as memory cells prepared against antigens. These memory cells will eventually cause immunological memory.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-human-immune-system.html
DatePublished: 12 September 2015 at 17:51

Tag : Human Immune System.

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Differences Cells Animal and Plant Cells

Animal cells and plant cells of words familiar to all friends of science, by classification of living things 5 ​​Kindgom of animals and plants are grouped in different kingdom.
Some important points to be studied is the difference of these cells from the cell wall and vacuoles her.

A. Structure of Cells Animal And Plant Cells.

The basic structure of animal cells and plant cells are the same. But in its development, both types of cells are progressing in accordance with the environment causing various kinds perbedaa, one of which is the role of ecological, plants are food manufacturers, while the role of animals eat plants and other animals.

B. Differences Table Cells Animal And Plant Cells.

Plant cells.

- Have a cell wall

- Has a large vacuole

- Having plastids, kromoplas, and leukoplas

- Do not have centrioles

Animal cells.

- Do not have a cell wall

- Have small vacuoles

- Not having plastids

have centrioles

C. Plant Cells.

Plants have the parts of cells that distinguishes it from animal cells.

Parts of the cell are as follows:

1. Walls Sel.

The cell wall is the outermost part of the cell. Plant cell walls serves as a protective and supporting plant cells. The cell walls are formed when cells divide is called the primary wall and having thickened, turned into a secondary wall. Primary cell wall is a thin membrane composed of cellulose fibers. Cellulose fibers are very strong its tensile strength.

Among the walls of two adjacent cells, there is a middle lamela, composed of magnesium and calcium in the form of a gel pektat. Between two neighboring cells, there is a pore. Through this pore plasma two neighboring cells are connected by threads of plasma known as plasma modesmata.

Stem plants are generally harder than the human body. A, man can pinch the other man, but can not pinch woody trees. This is because the outside of the plant cells composed of the cell wall very hard. The main ingredient in the form of a cell wall constituent of wood substance, namely cellulose which is composed of glucose. Besides cellulose, the cell walls also contain other substances, such as pectin, hemi cellulose, and glycoproteins.

2. Vacuoles

Vacuole is a membranous organelles containing vacuole fluid. Vacuoles actually contained in animal cells and plant cells. However, vacuole in plants have form and function more real than vacuoles in animal cells, plant the young have cells with a small size, but the plants grew large and mature, vacuoles appear enlarged, even dominating the cytoplasm and urged the cytoplasm to the edge the cell wall.

Basically the cytoplasm is hypertonic fluids to the environment, causing osmosis, ie vacuoles absorb water. As a result, vacuoles enlarged and increase the pressure of water in it (turgor pressure) and urged the vacuole membrane (Tonoplas) towards the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm forward pressure towards the cell wall. Turgor pressure allows you to adjust the osmotic movement of fluid from outside into the cells. The cell walls strong enough to withstand the pressure cytoplasm, limiting the volume of the cytoplasm, and prevent cell rupture. On the other hand, pressure from outside the cell to tonoplas strong enough to maintain cell turgiditas (latin, turgidus = bulging).

The main function of the vacuole is to enter the water through tonoplas to build cell turgor. In addition, fakuola other functions are as follows:
Antosian pidmen presence, such as anthocyanins, memberiikan possibility attractive bright color in flowers, leaf and fruit.
Sometimes grown-containing vacuoles hydrolytic enzyme that can act as lysosomes when cells are still alive.
Become landfill waste products, such as calcium oxalate crystals, alkalois, tannins, and latex (sap). Specialized cells that have the duty to accommodate latex vacuoles called latisifer. Latisifer found in rubber trees, and plants his family. Storage of food substances such as sucrose, mineral salts and dissolved inulin which at times can be used by cytoplasm.

3. Plastids.

Membranous organelles plastids is complete, the form and function are manifold. These organelles found only in plant cells, in the form of beads containing pigment. Plastids are the result of the development of small bodies known proplastida that many in the area merismatik. In the process, proplastida can turn into three types, namely chloroplasts, kromoplas, and leukoplas.

a. Chloroplasts.

Chloroplasts are organelles that contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll function during photosynthesis. Chloroplast structure consisting of outer membrane which is useful for passing molecules measuring less than 10 kilodalton without selectivity. The permeable membrane is selective and is useful for selecting molecules out by active transport, fluid chloroplast stroma is useful for storing the results of photosynthesis in the form of starch (starch); and thylakoid site of photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts found in many other organs and leaf green. Chlorophyll can be divided into different types, namely :

- Chlorophyll a: displays a green color blue
- Chlorophyll b: yellow green color display
- Chlorophyll c: display the green color brown
- Chlorophyll d: displays a green color red.

b. Kromoplas.

Kromoplas is plastids give nonfotosintesis diversity of colors, such as red pigment, orange, yellow, and others.

Pigments including kromoplas groups, among others :

- Carotene, causing yellow orange and red, for example on carrots
- Xantofil, Raises yellow color of the leaves that have old
- Fikosianin, gave the blue color of the algae
- Fikosiantin, Giving color to the brown algae
- Fikoeritrin, Giving red on algae.

c. Leukoplas.

Leukoplas is plastids colorless or white. Generally present in plant organs that are not exposed to sunlight, particularly in storage organs of food reserves. Leukoplas generally useful for storing food reserves, such as starch and proteins in the cells of cassava stem and root cells in potatoes.

Leukoplas divided into three kinds, namely:

- Amiloplas.
Namely leukoplas which serves forming and storing starch,
- Elaioplas (lipidoplas).
Namely leukoplas which serves to establish and store fat or oil,
- Proteoplas.
Namely leukoplas that hold proteins.

D. Animal Cells.

Animals have unique organelles in the cell, namely the centrioles which is absent in plant cells.

1. The centrioles.

Centrioles are a pair of cylinder-like structure that has a central hole and is composed of protein microtubules. Members pair of centrioles are usually located in an angled position to the right of each other.

Centrioles is composed of microtubules that form a protein structure like a net that looks close to the chromosomes during cell division (metosis and meiosis). Jala is called thread spindle. At the other end, the net is adjacent to the end of centrioles. Centrioles role is to regulate the polarity (polar) division of animal cells and regulate the separation of chromosomes during division.

2. Vacuole.

In some types of single-celled animals find vacuoles, for example, amoeba and paramecium.

At paramecium vacuole there are two kinds, namely :

- Contractile vacuole or the vacuole pulsed.
Typical for the single-celled animals that live in fresh water. This vacuole instrumental maintain osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm, or often referred to as a tool osmoregulato.
- Nonkontraktil vacuole or the vacuole is not pulsed.
The task of digesting food, so it is often called the food vacuole.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/differences-cells-animal-and-plant-cells.html
DatePublished: 12 September 2015 14:37

Tag : Differences Cells Animal and Plant Cells.

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Do You Know About Muscle.

Muscle is a tissue in the human body and animals that serve as a means of active motion that moves the bones. Muscles are classified into three types of striated muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Muscle causes movement of an organism as well as the movement of the organ in the organism.

Types of muscles.

Muscle cell is a cell with many nuclei resulting from the fusion process of cell mioblas. The types of muscles in the body:

Striated muscle.

Have an effective design for a spontaneous movement and require great strength. This muscle tiredness, caused by a buildup of lactic acid in the cells. Striated muscle movement comes from motor signals coming from the brain and is consciously (not reflex). This muscle is found in almost all parts of the body outside of humans and animals.

Smooth muscle.

Muscle found in the digestive organs and blood vessels, working with the setting of involuntary nervous system or autonomic nervous. Formed by the smooth muscle cells of the muscles that form the spindle with a tapered tip, and has a single core.

The heart muscle.

Muscles that work specifically to pump blood to the heart muscle tissue that is able to contract continuously without stopping. Its movement is not influenced by the central nervous signals. The heart muscle can be affected by the interaction of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves that slow down or speed up the heart rate, but can not control it consciously.

Efficiency.

The percentage of the working efficiency of human muscle is about 18% -26%. Efficiency is defined as the ratio of metabolism, based on the use of oxygen.

Know Your Muscles Kinds and Characteristics.

Muscle is a tissue in the human body and animals that serve as a means of active motion that moves the bones because it has the ability to contract. Muscles will be shortened if the contracted and elongated when relaxation. Muscle in the human body consists of three kinds of striated muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

Some explanation of the characteristics of the various muscles are :

A. Striated muscle.

Called striated muscle due to the length of the muscle fibers are bright lines (isotropic) and a dark line (anisotropy) are arranged alternately. Striated muscle pigment myoglobin and has dominated the vertebrate body. This muscle is also called skeletal muscle. Called skeletal muscles because these muscles attached to the skeleton, so that when the contract was causing the bone to move. How it works influenced by the central nervous system and also often called voluntary muscles.

The characteristics of striated muscle :

- Elongated cylindrical shape
- Have a lot of the core at the edge (multinuklei)
- Quick response to stimulation
- Working according to consciousness (volunteer)
- It has dark and light areas are neat
- Striated muscle cells are longer than the smooth muscle cells and cardiac muscle

B. The smooth muscle.

Smooth muscle is the muscle spindle-shaped with two ends are tapered, and has one core. Network on smooth muscle fibers have (fibrils) are homogeneous so that when observed under a microscope appears plain or striped. The workings of the smooth muscle to contract under the influence of the autonomic nervous reflex and stimulated smooth muscle reaction when slow.

The characteristics of smooth muscle :

- Shaped logs
- Have a core amid
- Slow response if the stimulation
- Working out of consciousness (involunteer)
- Do not have the dark and bright areas because it is composed of fibers of actin and myosin

C. Myocardial.

An involuntary striated muscle, which is only found in the heart wall, especially mycoradium. Which includes heart muscle cell called a cardiomyocyte or myocardiocyteal muscle cells, which can contain one, two, three, and four cell nucleus but usually three or four very rare.

The characteristics of the heart muscle :

- Shaped like a striated muscle that is cylindrical but branched out to form webbing
- Having a lot of heart in the middle
- Works the same as smooth muscle that is not aware (involunteer).

1. Muscle Function in Humans.

- Running and carry out work for example walking, lifting, and holds
- Moving the heart
- Drain the blood that consists of substances both nutrients, oxygen and others

2. Characteristics of human muscle.

- Kontrabilitas means the ability of muscles to contract (shorten)
- Extensibility means the ability of the muscle relaxes (lengthwise)
- Elasticity means the ability of muscle to get back into shape after contract and relax

3. Various Kinds of Muscles In Humans.

Human muscle is divided into three namely smooth muscle, striated muscle, and cardiac muscle like the one below :

a. Smooth muscle.

Plain muscles are the muscles that work without our consciousness is not affected by the nervous system or autonomic nervous Adar, formed by the smooth muscle cells that form the spindle where both ends tapered and has one cell nucleus.

The characteristics of smooth muscle  :

- Time contraction between 3 to 180 seconds
- The shape of smooth muscle such as boat
- Located in the internal organs
- Have a cell nucleus at the center
- Movement of smooth muscle is slow, and fatigue
- Influenced by the autonomic nervous
- The smooth muscles are usually located in the bowel, blood circulation, muscles in the urinary tract,
- There is ruled by the brain or not affected by the brain

b. Striated muscle.

Striated muscle is the muscle that attaches to the frame of the human body is used in which the movement of striated muscle is a muscle working under conscious (voluntary). Also called striated muscle skeletal muscle, because attached to the frame. Where is striated muscle because the dark side of light intermittent.

Characteristics of striated muscle.

- Form selindris with dark line bright
- Attached to the order
- Working consciously with the orders of the brain
- Quick and easy tired
- Shape long and has a lot of core cells (multi-cell)
- Possessed pigment myoglobin
- The core cell that is on the edge

c. Heart muscle.

The heart muscle or myocardium is a muscle that works continuously without a break or stop. The heart muscle is a blend of striated muscle and smooth muscle because the similarities that exist on the heart muscle, for example, has a dark side and a light at the center of the cell nucleus. Function in the heart muscle to pump blood throughout the body. Heart muscle work under human consciousness that affects the nerves of the heart muscle is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous

Characteristics of Myocardial.

- Heart muscle cylindrical
- Have a branching called syncytium
- Myocardial lies in the heart
- Having a single nucleus at the center
- Works without human consciousness
- Working continuously and never needs a break

4. Types of Motion Muscle.

The types or kinds of muscle movement is divided into two as follows ..

a. Opposite (antagonist)

For example, the biceps and triceps muscles in the upper arm.
Locomotor antagonists are as follows:
- The extensor-Flexor: straightening-bend
- Abductor-adductor: keep-closer
- Depressor-Elevator: down-up
- Supinator-Prenator:-looking face down

b. Simultaneously (synergistic)

Pronator teres muscle and pronator quadratus in forearm

5. Miscellaneous The motion of muscles.

- Extensions.

Straighten straighten example is the motion of the knees, elbows and knuckles

- Depression.

Movement is pressing down or degrade

- Pronation.

Is twisting the arms so that the palms face down

- Abduction.

For example, the motion is the motion of the legs to keep away from the axis of the body

- Supination.

Is a motion that rotate the arm so that the hand menegadah

- Adduction.

Is a movement that draws the body axis motion eg the legs close to the body axis

- Flexion.

An example is the motion that bend bend elbows, knuckles and knees.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/do-you-know-about-muscle.html
DatePublished: 12 September 2015 09:17

Tag : Do You Know About Muscle.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Deviations 11.

Eleven events of September 2001 have been scrawled wound for Muslims in the world. With the US committed arbitrary restrictions and discrimination against Muslims, even Muslim branded as terrorists.

US loudly accused the Muslims especially the Bin Laden action razing of the twin towers in New York. But apparently there are irregularities that occur in the events of the September eleven.

1. Only Two Plane Makes Three Collapsed Building?

Two buildings collapsed in one day just because the two aircraft. With the third building collapsed, and strangely, without any hit by a plane, that WTC-7, also known by the name Building-7.

Seen also that the WTC twin towers and Building 7 collapsed because of the explosion destruction of the building (demolition) as used to demolish old buildings or buildings that have been unused. Dozens of residents were heard directly near testified that when the building collapsed heard a barrage of explosions, blasting a lot like the old building (demolition).

Statements of witnesses were reinforced by videos third when the building collapsed in free fall (skydiving) or without pressure upwards by building materials according to thousands of architects and engineers is absolutely absurd.

2. Similar 9/11 Film Has Served 6 Months Before the tragedy.

Even six months before this tragedy occurred, a film show about a group of people who want to plan commercial airliner crashed into the twin towers had been aired on American TV. The film titled "The Lone Gunmen", shown in the film, commercial aircraft are being "hijacked" by way of "locking" the pilot steering system toward the WTC buildings. The difference, in the film the events carried out at night and finally the plane can be controlled again but almost ran into the twin towers. The film was aired by FOX TV on March 4, 2001, or about 6 months before 9/11 happened.

3. Photos & Video False and some aircraft hijackers Still Life.

Some other facts about this tragedy back to corner the US government. Proved that some of the photos displayed on the screen is a fake photo. There are at least seven men were touted as the hijackers are still alive, while one person has died before 2001.

4. Employee Jews Not Sign Work In Unison.

Reported that 4,000 Jewish employees simultaneously absent from work on that day. So that they are all safe and no Jewish victims in the incident. No less horrified her was when the plane hit the second building, seen by the citizens of New York, some Jewish groups Isreal actually cheering and make enough of the citizens of New York. Finally some New Yorkers who see their reaction is to report it to the police. Then the group was finally arrested by the police of New York City for questioning, but because there is no criminal evidence they finally released again. This means that the attack had been planned and was known to the Israeli side.

5. US President George Bush Know More used to.

Also revealed that Bush already knew would be an attack on that date. At that time, Bush was about to leave the hotel. A reporter caught the White House chief of staff, Andy Card whispered in Bush's ear. When reporters asked Bush, "Do you know what happened in New York?" Bush replied that he already knows and will say something about it later.

This statement is at odds with Bush himself issued a statement in two different occasions. At that time he said that he knows the events in New York on the telecast outside a classroom when he was about to speak about the issue of education of students in front of a group of children in Florida. In fact, Bush clearly not possible to see the television broadcast on that day, because there is no record that circulated on television until the next morning.

Bush also did not feel surprised when told that the second plane crashed into the south tower of the World Trade Center and that the US was in the attack, Bush just casually read a story about a pet goat for more than five minutes.

6. Evidence at the scene immediately cleaned.

Only a 2-day, almost all concrete and debris of the building immediately cleaned. Investigators from various academics should not enter the area of ​​the incident! Only government investigators are allowed to enter the area. Dozens of container trucks had transported all the debris that can be investigated as evidence, suddenly clean. In fact, this would have violated the laws of the United States itself, that in the process of investigation, destroy evidence, and the like can be charged under state law and is a crime.

7. Dozens of witnesses Mata 9/11 Killed In Mysterious.

Not a few eyewitnesses on the spot who died under mysterious circumstances. The exact number is incalculable, but is estimated to have over the decades. The death of the witnesses is similar to the current events of John F Kennedy was assassinated. All witnesses at the scene were killed under mysterious circumstances due to accidents and suicide, no one was killed because of a parent or natural. Similarly, the eyewitnesses events of September 9/11, all the witnesses have died because of the accident to suicide.

Irregularities that keep the big question. Who is actually behind the events of September eleven ?. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/deviations-11.html
DatePublished: 11 September 2015 at 18:32

Tag : Irregularities, Irregularities, terror attacks, the victim.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW